rsync
Overview
rsync is the standard tool for efficient file synchronization. It only transfers changed parts of files (delta transfer), supports SSH, handles permissions, and works for backups, deployments, and directory mirroring.
Instructions
Step 1: Basic Usage
# Sync local directories
rsync -avz source/ destination/
# -a = archive (preserves permissions, timestamps, symlinks)
# -v = verbose
# -z = compress during transfer
# Sync to remote server
rsync -avz ./dist/ deploy@server:/var/www/myapp/
# Sync from remote
rsync -avz deploy@server:/var/log/myapp/ ./logs/
# Dry run (show what would change without doing it)
rsync -avzn source/ destination/
Step 2: Common Patterns
# Deploy website (delete files on destination that don't exist in source)
rsync -avz --delete ./build/ deploy@server:/var/www/site/
# Backup with exclude
rsync -avz --exclude='node_modules' --exclude='.git' --exclude='.env' \
/opt/myapp/ /backups/myapp/
# Incremental backup with hard links (space-efficient)
rsync -avz --link-dest=/backups/latest \
/opt/myapp/ /backups/$(date +%Y%m%d)/
ln -snf /backups/$(date +%Y%m%d) /backups/latest
# Bandwidth limited (useful for large transfers)
rsync -avz --bwlimit=5000 source/ destination/ # 5000 KB/s
Step 3: Deployment Script
#!/bin/bash
# scripts/deploy.sh — Deploy app with rsync
SERVER="[email protected]"
REMOTE_DIR="/var/www/myapp"
echo "Building..."
npm run build
echo "Syncing files..."
rsync -avz --delete \
--exclude='node_modules' \
--exclude='.env' \
--exclude='.git' \
./dist/ ${SERVER}:${REMOTE_DIR}/
echo "Restarting service..."
ssh ${SERVER} "sudo systemctl restart myapp"
echo "Deploy complete!"
Guidelines
- Always use
-n(dry run) first when using--deleteto avoid accidental data loss. - Trailing slash matters:
source/syncs contents,sourcesyncs the directory itself. - For large transfers, add
--progressto see per-file progress. - rsync over SSH is encrypted by default — safe for internet transfers.