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postgresql-docs

來自 PostgreSQL 18 官方文件的陷阱、預設值陷阱、變更以及推薦模式,每一條都附有 postgresql.org 的 URL。在撰寫或審查 PostgreSQL SQL、綱要設計、遷移與 ALTER TABLE 鎖、索引、交易、隔離層級與重試、鎖定、Upsert 與 MERGE、COPY、JSONB、timestamptz、產生欄位與識別欄位、分割區、EXPLAIN、VACUUM、角色、列層級安全性、PL/pgSQL、全文檢索、連線設定以及升級到 PostgreSQL 18 時使用。

postgresql-docs 是什麼?

這是一個針對 PostgreSQL 18 的 AI 代理技能,提供來自官方文件中模型容易出錯的規則。它涵蓋了從基本的 SQL 語法到進階的並發控制、安全性設定和升級注意事項。技能的核心是一套快速規則,每個規則都附有官方文檔的超連結,方便驗證。此外,技能還按主題組織了多個參考文件,如遷移與鎖、資料類型、JSON 處理等,以應對更複雜的任務。這個技能對於需要編寫、審查或遷移 PostgreSQL 資料庫的開發者、DBA 或 AI 程式碼助手特別有用,能夠幫助避免常見陷阱,並遵循 PostgreSQL 18 的最新最佳實踐。

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說明文件

PostgreSQL 文件

來自 PostgreSQL 18 文件,模型容易出錯的規則:令人意外的預設值、鎖和並發陷阱、PostgreSQL 18 的變更以及文件推薦的模式。每一條規則都附有支持它的文件 URL。

涵蓋版本

參考資料遵循 PostgreSQL 18 文件(次要版本 18.6)。僅從 18 版開始成立的事實會標明「PostgreSQL 18」。請先檢查伺服器版本。在較舊的伺服器上,請將每條「PostgreSQL 18」規則視為不可用。

如何瀏覽

僅從下方表格中閱讀任務所需的參考資料。來源:SOURCES.md。

快速規則

  1. 在 PostgreSQL 18 中,沒有關鍵字的產生欄位是 VIRTUAL(虛擬),在讀取時計算。對於統計數據或邏輯複寫,請寫 STORED。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-generated-columns.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  2. 使用識別欄位,而不是 serial。識別欄位是 NOT NULL 但不是唯一的:請加上 PRIMARY KEY。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-identity-columns.html
  3. 自己為每個外鍵的引用欄位建立索引。PostgreSQL 只為被引用的那一方建立索引。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html
  4. 普通的 CREATE INDEX 在整個建置過程中會阻擋寫入。在線上的資料表上,請在交易區塊外使用 CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY,並在失敗時刪除它留下的 INVALID 索引。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createindex.html
  5. 將大型資料表的限制條件加上時,先設為 NOT VALID,然後再 VALIDATE CONSTRAINT,這樣不會阻擋寫入。PostgreSQL 18 也接受對 NOT NULL 這麼做。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  6. ADD COLUMN 如果使用 volatile 預設值、儲存產生欄位或識別欄位,會在 ACCESS EXCLUSIVE 鎖下重寫整個資料表。非 volatile 預設值則不會。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  7. 在遷移工作階段中設定 lock_timeout,並按角色或工作階段設定 statement_timeout、lock_timeout 和 transaction_timeout,永遠不要全域設定。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-client.html
  8. 使用 INSERT ... ON CONFLICT (cols) DO UPDATE 進行 Upsert,這在 READ COMMITTED 層級下總是能在並發情況下插入或更新。MERGE 在另一個工作階段插入相同鍵值時,可能會因唯一性違規而失敗。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html
  9. 在 SQLSTATE 為 40001 和 40P01 時重試整個交易。PostgreSQL 不會自行重試。請檢查 SQLSTATE,而不是錯誤訊息。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html
  10. 預設隔離層級是 READ COMMITTED:每個陳述式都看到一個新的快照。多行業務規則需要 SERIALIZABLE 或明確的鎖。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/applevel-consistency.html
  11. 對於任務隊列,使用 SELECT ... FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED,以及當鍵值不變時使用 FOR NO KEY UPDATE。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-select.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/explicit-locking.html
  12. NOT IN 如果列表或子查詢中有 NULL,則永遠不會為真。除了 count 之外的聚合函數,在零行資料上會回傳 NULL。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-comparisons.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-aggregate.html
  13. 分頁和 LIMIT 需要一個在唯一鍵上的 ORDER BY,否則不同執行的結果會不同。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-limit.html
  14. 將時間點儲存為 timestamptz。TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02' 是一個不帶時區的時間戳,時區偏移會被忽略。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-datetime.html
  15. now() 是交易開始時間。使用 clock_timestamp() 取得實際時間。永遠不要使用字串 'now' 作為預設值。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-datetime.html
  16. 使用 jsonb,並用 GIN (col jsonb_path_ops) 為 @> 查詢建立索引。運算子必須應用於索引的表達式,索引才會被使用。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-json.html
  17. PostgreSQL 18 新增了 uuidv7(),一個時間有序的 UUID,與 gen_random_uuid() 並存。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-uuid.html
  18. PostgreSQL 18 的 RETURNING 在 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 和 MERGE 中可以讀取 old.col 和 new.col。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/dml-returning.html
  19. EXPLAIN ANALYZE 會執行陳述式:請將寫入操作包在 BEGIN ... ROLLBACK 中。在 PostgreSQL 18 中它會自動包含 BUFFERS。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-explain.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/using-explain.html
  20. 多欄位 B-tree 在 PostgreSQL 18 中可以在沒有前置欄位的情況下服務查詢(跳躍掃描),但僅在該欄位有少量相異值時有效。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-multicolumn.html
  21. 保持 autovacuum 開啟,並避免使用 VACUUM FULL。Autovacuum 永遠不會分析分割資料表或暫存資料表:請自己為它們執行 ANALYZE。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/routine-vacuuming.html
  22. 列層級安全性在 ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY 之前不生效,而且資料表擁有者會繞過它,除非啟用 FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-rowsecurity.html
  23. SECURITY DEFINER 函數需要設定 SET search_path = trusted_schema, pg_temp,並在同一交易中將 EXECUTE 從 PUBLIC 收回。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createfunction.html
  24. 授予資料表權限不會延伸到其所使用的序列,包括 serial 欄位的序列。請單獨設定序列權限。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-grant.html
  25. 用戶端預設使用 sslmode=prefer,這不會驗證伺服器。請使用 sslmode=verify-full。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/libpq-ssl.html
  26. 使用 format('%I', ident) 和 EXECUTE ... USING 來建立動態 SQL,永遠不要用字串串接。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-statements.html
  27. 全文檢索表達式索引必須使用 2 個參數的 to_tsvector('english', col),而查詢必須重複完全相同的格式。https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch-tables.html

參考資料

參考文件何時閱讀
schema-design.md建立資料表:識別欄位與序列、產生欄位、限制條件、時間鍵、領域、綱要與 search_path、分割區設計
migrations-and-locks.md撰寫遷移:ALTER TABLE 鎖層級與重寫、NOT VALID、並行索引建立、REINDEX、分割區連接與卸離
data-types.md選擇數值、文字、bytea、枚舉、UUID、陣列或範圍型別,範圍上的排除限制條件
datetime.md任何與時間戳、時區、區間、extract、date_trunc、to_char、to_timestamp 相關的事
json.md儲存、查詢、索引或更新 JSONB、jsonpath、JSON_VALUE、JSON_TABLE、JSON 聚合函數
queries.mdSELECT 邏輯:NULL 語意、JOIN、LATERAL、分組、聚合函數、視窗函數、分頁、UNION、CTE
writes.mdINSERT ON CONFLICT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 的 JOIN、批次處理大量變更、RETURNING、MERGE、COPY、大量載入
indexes.md選擇或審查索引:型別、欄位順序、跳躍掃描、部分索引、表達式索引、INCLUDE、pattern_ops、GIN、BRIN
concurrency.md隔離層級、重試、列鎖與表鎖、死結、建議鎖、逾時、LISTEN 與 NOTIFY
performance.md解讀 EXPLAIN、統計資料與延伸統計資料、VACUUM、記憶體與規劃器設定、平行查詢、pg_stat_statements
security.mdGRANT 與預設權限、角色、列層級安全性、SECURITY DEFINER、密碼、TLS 與 libpq 連線參數
plpgsql-triggers.md撰寫函數、PL/pgSQL、動態 SQL、例外處理、觸發器、程序
text-search.md字串函數、LIKE 與正規表示式、引號、使用 tsvector 的全文檢索、排序、ts_headline

升級時需記住的 PostgreSQL 18 變更

舊模式

舊當前
預設值中的 'now' 或 'today' 字面值now(), CURRENT_DATE (https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-datetime.html)
MD5 密碼,password 認證方法scram-sha-256 (https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auth-password.html)

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 16 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

eslint-docs

Teaches current ESLint 10 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing an eslint.config.js (flat config, defineConfig, files, ignores, globalIgnores, extends, languageOptions, globals, parsers, processors), configuring ESLint rules and severities, disable comments and inline config, running the CLI in CI (--fix, --cache, --quiet, --max-warnings, bulk suppressions, formatters, feature flags, MCP server), writing custom rules (meta, schema, fixes, suggestions, selectors, scope, code paths) and testing them with RuleTester, building plugins, shareable configs, custom parsers, processors or formatters, using the Node.js API (ESLint, Linter), or migrating to ESLint 9 or 10 from eslintrc. Triggers on eslint, eslint.config.js, flat config, .eslintrc, .eslintignore, @eslint/js, js/recommended, eslint-disable, no-unused-vars, no-restricted-imports, no-restricted-syntax, RuleTester, eslint-plugin, eslint-config, FlatCompat, context.getScope is not a function, ESLint 10.

grafana-cloud-docs

Grafana Cloud pitfalls, defaults, limits and current patterns from the Grafana, Mimir, Loki and Tempo docs, each tied to its docs URL. Use when sending OpenTelemetry data to Grafana Cloud, writing PromQL, LogQL or TraceQL, controlling cardinality and cost, designing alert rules, routing notifications, provisioning alerting, building Synthetic Monitoring checks, using the /apis dashboard API, choosing access policy tokens or service accounts, or migrating off API keys, the Loki Exporter and legacy /api routes.

javascript-docs

Teaches current JavaScript (ECMAScript) practice drawn from the MDN JavaScript documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing modern JavaScript, choosing a built-in API, or replacing a deprecated pattern. Covers equality and coercion, let/const and the temporal dead zone, strict mode, ASI, functions, classes and private fields, objects, prototypes, Proxy, Reflect, Symbol, eval, operators (??, ?., spread, BigInt arithmetic), statements, Promise, async/await, Promise.try, iterators and iterator helpers, generators, using/await using, DisposableStack, WeakRef, Array (toSorted, at, groupBy, fromAsync), Map, Set methods, WeakMap, strings and Unicode, encodeURIComponent, RegExp (v flag, RegExp.escape, lastIndex), Number, Math, BigInt, JSON (rawJSON, revivers), typed arrays, ArrayBuffer, base64, SharedArrayBuffer, Atomics, Temporal, Date, Intl (DateTimeFormat, NumberFormat, Collator, Segmenter, PluralRules), errors (cause, Error.isError), ES modules, import attributes, import.meta, dynamic import.

next-intl-docs

Teaches current next-intl 4 practices for internationalizing Next.js apps, drawn from the official documentation. Use when setting up next-intl with the App Router, writing i18n/request.ts, adding a [locale] segment with defineRouting, createMiddleware in proxy.ts (formerly middleware.ts), building locale switchers with createNavigation, translating with useTranslations or getTranslations, passing messages to NextIntlClientProvider, writing ICU messages (plurals, select, rich text), formatting dates, numbers and lists with useFormatter, translating metadata, Server Actions, Route Handlers, localized 404 and error pages, static rendering with next/root-params, type-safe messages through AppConfig, testing with Jest, Vitest, Storybook, or extracting inline messages with useExtracted. Triggers on next-intl, useTranslations, getTranslations, NextIntlClientProvider, getRequestConfig, i18n routing, locale prefix, localePrefix, NEXT_LOCALE, hreflang, setRequestLocale, ICU messages, App Router internationalization.

nodejs-docs

Teaches Node.js practice drawn from the official Node.js API documentation, with pitfalls, surprising defaults, deprecations and replacements, each backed by its nodejs.org URL. Use when writing, reviewing, debugging or upgrading Node.js code, or choosing a built-in module (fs, crypto, streams, http, process, CLI flags, node:test, ESM/CommonJS, package.json exports, TypeScript type stripping, child_process, worker_threads, node:sqlite, deprecations).

playwright-docs

Pitfalls, surprising defaults and recommended patterns of Playwright Test for JavaScript and TypeScript, distilled from the official docs. Use when writing, reviewing, debugging or configuring Playwright tests (@playwright/test, playwright.config.ts, npx playwright test), including flaky tests, locators (getByRole, filter, strict mode), web-first assertions (expect, toHaveText, toBeVisible, expect.poll, toPass), fixtures, storageState authentication, project dependencies, timeouts, retries, network mocking (page.route, routeFromHAR, routeWebSocket), API testing, clock, aria snapshots, toHaveScreenshot, axe accessibility scans, traces, UI mode, reporters, CI, Docker, sharding, test locks, component testing with stories and mount, codegen, Playwright MCP, playwright-cli and migration from Puppeteer, Protractor, Testing Library or older Playwright versions.

react-docs

Writes, reviews and upgrades React 19.3 code from the official react.dev documentation. Use when writing components and Hooks, removing unnecessary useEffect calls, fixing Effect dependencies with useEffectEvent, building forms with Actions (useActionState, useOptimistic, useFormStatus, form action), using Server Components, 'use client', 'use server' and Server Functions, Suspense, use(), useTransition, useDeferredValue, ViewTransition, Activity, adopting React Compiler and eslint-plugin-react-hooks, deciding on useMemo, useCallback and memo, server rendering and hydration (createRoot, hydrateRoot, renderToPipeableStream, prerender), or migrating from React 18 (forwardRef, Context.Provider, ReactDOM.render, propTypes, defaultProps). Triggers on React, JSX, hooks, useState, useEffect, useRef, useContext, Server Components, RSC, Actions, React Compiler, Strict Mode, hydration mismatch, React 19 upgrade.

rust-std-docs

Gives current guidance from the official Rust standard library docs (std 1.99.1 stable) on pitfalls, panics, platform differences, discouraged APIs and newer stable replacements. Use when writing, reviewing or refactoring Rust code that uses std, especially collections (Vec, HashMap, BTreeMap, BinaryHeap, entry, extract_if, sort), Option/Result/error handling (expect, ?, Error, ExitCode, panic), iterators (collect, flatten, Peekable, try_fold), Box/Rc/RefCell/Cow/Pin/mem::take, Arc/Mutex/RwLock/OnceLock/LazyLock/thread::scope/mpsc/Condvar/atomics, String/str/fmt/format!/OsString/CString, io/fs/path (BufWriter, OpenOptions, PathBuf::join), process/env/net/time (Command, set_var, TcpStream, Instant, Duration), From/TryFrom/AsRef/Ord/Drop/Deref/Clone, and unsafe raw pointers, MaybeUninit, transmute, NonNull or integer overflow and float ordering.

socketio-docs

Builds, configures and debugs Socket.IO 4.8 servers and clients from the official Socket.IO v4 documentation. Use when writing a Node.js Socket.IO server (Express, Fastify, Koa, Bun, uWebSockets.js) or a socket.io-client app, emitting events with acknowledgements, timeout() and emitWithAck, broadcasting to rooms and namespaces, authenticating in middleware with the auth option, configuring CORS, reverse proxies and sticky sessions, scaling with the Redis, Redis Streams, Postgres, MongoDB or Cluster adapter, enabling connection state recovery and delivery guarantees, tuning reconnection, writing tests, troubleshooting connection issues, or migrating from Socket.IO v2 or v3. Triggers on Socket.IO, socket.io, socket.io-client, io(), new Server, emit, emitWithAck, acknowledgements, rooms, namespaces, broadcast, io.use, middleware, CORS, Redis adapter, sticky sessions, connection state recovery, reconnection, connect_error, Session ID unknown. Not for plain WebSocket servers such as ws without Socket.IO.

tailwindcss-docs

Teaches current Tailwind CSS v4 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use for any task that touches Tailwind CSS v4, even a small one, because many v3 habits silently break in v4. Use when writing or reviewing Tailwind CSS v4 code (utility classes, variants, arbitrary values, theme variables in @theme, @utility, @custom-variant, @apply, @reference, @source), setting up Tailwind in a framework or build tool (Vite plugin, PostCSS plugin, CLI, Next.js, SvelteKit, Nuxt, Angular, Laravel, Rails), customizing the theme (colors, fonts, breakpoints, spacing, animations), building dark mode with a class or data attribute, or migrating a project from Tailwind v3 (tailwind.config.js, @tailwind directives, darkMode class, safelist, bg-opacity, renamed shadow and outline utilities). Triggers on tailwindcss, @import "tailwindcss", @tailwindcss/vite, @tailwindcss/postcss, @tailwindcss/cli, @theme, @custom-variant dark, npx @tailwindcss/upgrade, upgrade to Tailwind v4.

tauri-docs

Tauri 2 apps, tauri.conf.json, capabilities and permissions, commands and invoke, events and channels, plugins, bundling, signing and the updater, migration from Tauri 1. Guides Tauri 2 work from the official v2 documentation, including scopes, managed state, plugin authoring, CSP and the isolation pattern, testing and debugging, Linux, Windows and macOS packages, and mobile and store releases. Use when writing or reviewing a Tauri 2 app, adding a plugin or a capability, fixing a "not allowed" or "forbidden path" error, wiring IPC between Rust and the webview, packaging, signing or publishing a desktop or mobile build, or upgrading a Tauri 1 or 2.0 beta project.

tokio-docs

Gives current guidance from the official tokio documentation (tokio 1.54.1) on async Rust pitfalls, cancel safety, blocking code, surprising defaults and deprecated APIs. Use when writing, reviewing or debugging async Rust code that uses tokio, especially the runtime (#[tokio::main], #[tokio::test], Builder, enable_all, block_on, current_thread, LocalRuntime, shutdown, feature flags), tasks (spawn, JoinHandle, JoinSet, abort, spawn_blocking, block_in_place, LocalSet, spawn_local, task_local), select!, join!, try_join!, cancellation and graceful shutdown, sync primitives (Mutex across .await, RwLock, Semaphore, Notify, OnceCell), channels (mpsc backpressure, oneshot, broadcast lag, watch), time (sleep, interval, MissedTickBehavior, timeout, paused time, start_paused), I/O and networking (AsyncReadExt, BufWriter flush, split, io::copy, framing, TcpListener, TcpStream, UdpSocket), tokio::fs, process (Command, kill_on_drop, Child), signals (ctrl_c, Windows console events) and Windows named pipes.

typescript-docs

Configures, writes and upgrades TypeScript 6.0 code and tsconfig.json from the official TypeScript documentation. Use when upgrading from TypeScript 5.x to 6.0 (strict, types, rootDir, baseUrl, moduleResolution node, target es5, outFile, esModuleInterop), choosing module and moduleResolution, writing package.json exports and imports, fixing ESM and CommonJS interop, enabling verbatimModuleSyntax or erasableSyntaxOnly, setting up project references and tsc --build, writing .d.ts files, checking JavaScript with JSDoc, or debugging narrowing, generics, mapped types, decorators and enums. Triggers on TypeScript, tsc, tsconfig, TS5112, ignoreDeprecations, nodenext, bundler, .d.ts, @ts-check, TypeScript 6 upgrade.

typesense-docs

Pitfalls, surprising defaults and recommended patterns of the Typesense search engine, distilled from the official docs. Use when designing a Typesense collection schema, writing search parameters (q, query_by, filter_by, sort_by, facet_by, group_by), tuning typo tolerance and ranking, building vector, semantic or hybrid search, conversational RAG or natural language search, creating API keys and scoped search keys for multi-tenancy, indexing and import (JSONL, upsert, emplace, dirty_values), syncing from a primary database, reindexing through aliases, managing synonyms (synonym sets), curation sets and stopwords, joins, analytics rules and query suggestions, InstantSearch, migrating from Algolia, or running, clustering, backing up and upgrading a Typesense server.

vite-docs

Teaches current Vite 8 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing or fixing a vite.config, migrating from Vite 7 (Rolldown and Oxc replacing Rollup and esbuild), configuring the dev server, proxy or HMR, handling import.meta.env and modes, tuning the production build, library mode, SSR, writing a Vite plugin, using the HMR or JavaScript API, or the Environment API. Triggers on vite.config, defineConfig, rolldownOptions, import.meta.env, loadEnv, optimizeDeps, ssrLoadModule, ModuleRunner, this.environment, upgrade to Vite 8.

vitest-docs

Teaches current Vitest 5 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing Vitest tests (test, describe, expect, test.for, fixtures with test.extend, hooks, snapshots), mocking with vi (vi.fn, vi.spyOn, vi.mock, vi.when, fake timers, stubGlobal, stubEnv), configuring vitest.config or projects, choosing an environment or pool, filtering and running tests in CI, measuring coverage with v8 or istanbul, debugging slow or flaky suites, testing components in browser mode with Playwright, or migrating from Jest, Mocha or Vitest 4. Triggers on vitest, vi.mock, vi.fn, vitest.config, toMatchSnapshot, expect.poll, coverage thresholds, browser mode, @vitest/browser-playwright, jsdom, happy-dom, migrate Jest to Vitest, upgrade Vitest 5.

相關技能