postgresql-docs

Armadilhas, padrões surpreendentes, mudanças do PostgreSQL 18 e padrões recomendados da documentação oficial do PostgreSQL 18, cada um com seu URL do postgresql.org. Use ao escrever ou revisar SQL do PostgreSQL, design de esquemas, migrações e locks de ALTER TABLE, índices, transações, níveis de isolamento e retentativas, locking, upsert e MERGE, COPY, JSONB, timestamptz, colunas geradas e de identidade, particionamento, EXPLAIN, vacuum, papéis, segurança em nível de linha, PL/pgSQL, busca em texto completo, configurações de conexão e atualizações para o PostgreSQL 18.

O que é postgresql-docs?

Esta skill fornece um conjunto de regras concisas e práticas baseadas na documentação oficial do PostgreSQL 18, focando em armadilhas comuns e padrões recomendados. É ideal para desenvolvedores que trabalham com PostgreSQL, especialmente ao escrever ou revisar SQL, projetar esquemas, realizar migrações e lidar com concorrência. A skill cobre tópicos como locks de ALTER TABLE, upsert, índices, níveis de isolamento, timestamps, JSONB e muito mais, vinculando cada regra à documentação oficial para verificação. Também inclui uma tabela de referências para aprofundamento em tópicos específicos e uma seção sobre mudanças importantes do PostgreSQL 18 para atualizações. Funciona como um guia rápido e confiável para evitar erros comuns e adotar as melhores práticas.

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Documentação

Documentação PostgreSQL

Regras da documentação do PostgreSQL 18 que um modelo provavelmente errará: padrões surpreendentes, armadilhas de lock e concorrência, mudanças do PostgreSQL 18 e os padrões que a documentação recomenda. Cada regra termina com o URL da documentação que a fundamenta.

Versão coberta

As referências seguem a documentação do PostgreSQL 18 (versão menor 18.6). Fatos que só valem a partir da versão 18 dizem "PostgreSQL 18". Verifique primeiro a versão do servidor. Em um servidor mais antigo, trate toda regra "PostgreSQL 18" como indisponível.

Como navegar

Leia apenas a referência necessária para a tarefa, na tabela abaixo. Fontes: SOURCES.md.

Regras rápidas

  1. No PostgreSQL 18, uma coluna gerada sem palavra-chave é VIRTUAL, computada na leitura. Escreva STORED para estatísticas ou replicação lógica. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-generated-columns.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  2. Use colunas de identidade, não serial. Uma coluna de identidade é NOT NULL, mas não é única: adicione a PRIMARY KEY. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-identity-columns.html
  3. Indexe as colunas de referência de cada chave estrangeira você mesmo. O PostgreSQL indexa apenas o lado referenciado. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html
  4. CREATE INDEX simples bloqueia escritas durante toda a construção. Em tabelas ativas, use CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY fora de um bloco de transação e descarte o índice INVALID que ele deixa em caso de falha. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createindex.html
  5. Adicione restrições a tabelas grandes como NOT VALID e depois VALIDATE CONSTRAINT, que não bloqueia escritas. O PostgreSQL 18 aceita isso também para NOT NULL. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  6. ADD COLUMN com um valor padrão volátil, uma coluna gerada armazenada ou uma identidade reescreve toda a tabela sob ACCESS EXCLUSIVE. Um valor padrão não volátil não faz isso. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html
  7. Defina lock_timeout em sessões de migração, e statement_timeout, lock_timeout e transaction_timeout por papel ou sessão, nunca globalmente. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-client.html
  8. Upsert com INSERT ... ON CONFLICT (cols) DO UPDATE, que no READ COMMITTED sempre insere ou atualiza sob concorrência. MERGE pode falhar com uma violação de unicidade quando outra sessão insere a mesma chave. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html
  9. Repita a transação inteira em caso de SQLSTATE 40001 e 40P01. O PostgreSQL nunca repete por conta própria. Teste o SQLSTATE, não a mensagem. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html
  10. O isolamento padrão é READ COMMITTED: cada declaração vê um novo snapshot. Regras de negócio com várias linhas precisam de SERIALIZABLE ou locks explícitos. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/applevel-consistency.html
  11. Para filas de trabalho, use SELECT ... FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED e FOR NO KEY UPDATE quando as chaves permanecerem inalteradas. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-select.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/explicit-locking.html
  12. NOT IN com um NULL na lista ou subconsulta nunca é verdadeiro. Agregações diferentes de count retornam NULL para zero linhas. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-comparisons.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-aggregate.html
  13. Paginação e LIMIT precisam de um ORDER BY em uma chave única, caso contrário os resultados diferem entre execuções. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-limit.html
  14. Armazene instantes como timestamptz. TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02' é um timestamp sem fuso horário e o offset é descartado. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-datetime.html
  15. now() é a hora de início da transação. Use clock_timestamp() para a hora real. Nunca use o padrão da string 'now'. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-datetime.html
  16. Use jsonb, indexado com GIN (col jsonb_path_ops) para consultas @>. O operador deve se aplicar à expressão indexada para que o índice seja usado. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-json.html
  17. O PostgreSQL 18 adiciona uuidv7(), um UUID ordenado por tempo, ao lado de gen_random_uuid(). https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-uuid.html
  18. O RETURNING do PostgreSQL 18 lê old.col e new.col em INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE e MERGE. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/dml-returning.html
  19. EXPLAIN ANALYZE executa a declaração: envolva escritas em BEGIN ... ROLLBACK. No PostgreSQL 18, ele inclui BUFFERS automaticamente. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-explain.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/using-explain.html
  20. Uma árvore B de várias colunas pode atender uma consulta sem sua coluna principal no PostgreSQL 18 (skip scan), mas apenas quando essa coluna tem poucos valores distintos. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-multicolumn.html
  21. Mantenha o autovacuum ligado e evite VACUUM FULL. O autovacuum nunca analisa tabelas particionadas ou tabelas temporárias: ANALYSE-as você mesmo. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/routine-vacuuming.html
  22. A segurança em nível de linha não faz nada até ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY, e os proprietários da tabela a ignoram a menos que haja FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-rowsecurity.html
  23. Uma função SECURITY DEFINER precisa de SET search_path = trusted_schema, pg_temp e EXECUTE revogado de PUBLIC na mesma transação. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createfunction.html
  24. Conceder uma tabela não se estende às sequências que ela usa, incluindo as de colunas serial. Defina privilégios de sequência separadamente. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-grant.html
  25. Os clientes usam sslmode=prefer por padrão, que não verifica o servidor. Use sslmode=verify-full. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/libpq-ssl.html
  26. Construa SQL dinâmico com format('%I', ident) e EXECUTE ... USING para valores, nunca por concatenação. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-statements.html
  27. Índices de expressão de busca em texto completo devem usar to_tsvector('english', col) com 2 argumentos, e as consultas devem repetir essa forma exata. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch-tables.html

Referências

ReferênciaLeia quando
schema-design.mdCriar tabelas: identidade e sequências, colunas geradas, restrições, chaves temporais, domínios, esquemas e search_path, design de particionamento
migrations-and-locks.mdEscrever uma migração: níveis de lock e reescritas de ALTER TABLE, NOT VALID, construções de índice concorrente, REINDEX, attach e detach de partição
data-types.mdEscolher tipos numéricos, text, bytea, enum, UUID, array ou range, restrições de exclusão em ranges
datetime.mdQualquer coisa com timestamps, fusos horários, intervalos, extract, date_trunc, to_char, to_timestamp
json.mdArmazenar, consultar, indexar ou atualizar JSONB, jsonpath, JSON_VALUE, JSON_TABLE, agregações JSON
queries.mdLógica SELECT: semântica de NULL, joins, LATERAL, agrupamento, agregações, funções de janela, paginação, UNION, CTEs
writes.mdINSERT ON CONFLICT, UPDATE e DELETE com joins, lotes de grandes alterações, RETURNING, MERGE, COPY, carregamento em massa
indexes.mdEscolher ou revisar um índice: tipos, ordem das colunas, skip scan, parcial, expressão, INCLUDE, pattern_ops, GIN, BRIN
concurrency.mdNíveis de isolamento, retentativas, locks de linha e tabela, deadlocks, locks consultivos, timeouts, LISTEN e NOTIFY
performance.mdLer EXPLAIN, estatísticas e estatísticas estendidas, vacuum, configurações de memória e planner, consulta paralela, pg_stat_statements
security.mdGRANT e privilégios padrão, papéis, segurança em nível de linha, SECURITY DEFINER, senhas, TLS e parâmetros de conexão libpq
plpgsql-triggers.mdEscrever funções, PL/pgSQL, SQL dinâmico, exceções, triggers, procedimentos
text-search.mdFunções de string, LIKE e regex, citação, busca em texto completo com tsvector, ranking, ts_headline

Mudanças do PostgreSQL 18 a serem lembradas ao atualizar

Padrões antigos

AntigoAtual
Literais 'now' ou 'today' em padrõesnow(), CURRENT_DATE (https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-datetime.html)
Senhas MD5, método de autenticação passwordscram-sha-256 (https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auth-password.html)

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 16 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

eslint-docs

Teaches current ESLint 10 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing an eslint.config.js (flat config, defineConfig, files, ignores, globalIgnores, extends, languageOptions, globals, parsers, processors), configuring ESLint rules and severities, disable comments and inline config, running the CLI in CI (--fix, --cache, --quiet, --max-warnings, bulk suppressions, formatters, feature flags, MCP server), writing custom rules (meta, schema, fixes, suggestions, selectors, scope, code paths) and testing them with RuleTester, building plugins, shareable configs, custom parsers, processors or formatters, using the Node.js API (ESLint, Linter), or migrating to ESLint 9 or 10 from eslintrc. Triggers on eslint, eslint.config.js, flat config, .eslintrc, .eslintignore, @eslint/js, js/recommended, eslint-disable, no-unused-vars, no-restricted-imports, no-restricted-syntax, RuleTester, eslint-plugin, eslint-config, FlatCompat, context.getScope is not a function, ESLint 10.

grafana-cloud-docs

Grafana Cloud pitfalls, defaults, limits and current patterns from the Grafana, Mimir, Loki and Tempo docs, each tied to its docs URL. Use when sending OpenTelemetry data to Grafana Cloud, writing PromQL, LogQL or TraceQL, controlling cardinality and cost, designing alert rules, routing notifications, provisioning alerting, building Synthetic Monitoring checks, using the /apis dashboard API, choosing access policy tokens or service accounts, or migrating off API keys, the Loki Exporter and legacy /api routes.

javascript-docs

Teaches current JavaScript (ECMAScript) practice drawn from the MDN JavaScript documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing modern JavaScript, choosing a built-in API, or replacing a deprecated pattern. Covers equality and coercion, let/const and the temporal dead zone, strict mode, ASI, functions, classes and private fields, objects, prototypes, Proxy, Reflect, Symbol, eval, operators (??, ?., spread, BigInt arithmetic), statements, Promise, async/await, Promise.try, iterators and iterator helpers, generators, using/await using, DisposableStack, WeakRef, Array (toSorted, at, groupBy, fromAsync), Map, Set methods, WeakMap, strings and Unicode, encodeURIComponent, RegExp (v flag, RegExp.escape, lastIndex), Number, Math, BigInt, JSON (rawJSON, revivers), typed arrays, ArrayBuffer, base64, SharedArrayBuffer, Atomics, Temporal, Date, Intl (DateTimeFormat, NumberFormat, Collator, Segmenter, PluralRules), errors (cause, Error.isError), ES modules, import attributes, import.meta, dynamic import.

next-intl-docs

Teaches current next-intl 4 practices for internationalizing Next.js apps, drawn from the official documentation. Use when setting up next-intl with the App Router, writing i18n/request.ts, adding a [locale] segment with defineRouting, createMiddleware in proxy.ts (formerly middleware.ts), building locale switchers with createNavigation, translating with useTranslations or getTranslations, passing messages to NextIntlClientProvider, writing ICU messages (plurals, select, rich text), formatting dates, numbers and lists with useFormatter, translating metadata, Server Actions, Route Handlers, localized 404 and error pages, static rendering with next/root-params, type-safe messages through AppConfig, testing with Jest, Vitest, Storybook, or extracting inline messages with useExtracted. Triggers on next-intl, useTranslations, getTranslations, NextIntlClientProvider, getRequestConfig, i18n routing, locale prefix, localePrefix, NEXT_LOCALE, hreflang, setRequestLocale, ICU messages, App Router internationalization.

nodejs-docs

Teaches Node.js practice drawn from the official Node.js API documentation, with pitfalls, surprising defaults, deprecations and replacements, each backed by its nodejs.org URL. Use when writing, reviewing, debugging or upgrading Node.js code, or choosing a built-in module (fs, crypto, streams, http, process, CLI flags, node:test, ESM/CommonJS, package.json exports, TypeScript type stripping, child_process, worker_threads, node:sqlite, deprecations).

playwright-docs

Pitfalls, surprising defaults and recommended patterns of Playwright Test for JavaScript and TypeScript, distilled from the official docs. Use when writing, reviewing, debugging or configuring Playwright tests (@playwright/test, playwright.config.ts, npx playwright test), including flaky tests, locators (getByRole, filter, strict mode), web-first assertions (expect, toHaveText, toBeVisible, expect.poll, toPass), fixtures, storageState authentication, project dependencies, timeouts, retries, network mocking (page.route, routeFromHAR, routeWebSocket), API testing, clock, aria snapshots, toHaveScreenshot, axe accessibility scans, traces, UI mode, reporters, CI, Docker, sharding, test locks, component testing with stories and mount, codegen, Playwright MCP, playwright-cli and migration from Puppeteer, Protractor, Testing Library or older Playwright versions.

react-docs

Writes, reviews and upgrades React 19.3 code from the official react.dev documentation. Use when writing components and Hooks, removing unnecessary useEffect calls, fixing Effect dependencies with useEffectEvent, building forms with Actions (useActionState, useOptimistic, useFormStatus, form action), using Server Components, 'use client', 'use server' and Server Functions, Suspense, use(), useTransition, useDeferredValue, ViewTransition, Activity, adopting React Compiler and eslint-plugin-react-hooks, deciding on useMemo, useCallback and memo, server rendering and hydration (createRoot, hydrateRoot, renderToPipeableStream, prerender), or migrating from React 18 (forwardRef, Context.Provider, ReactDOM.render, propTypes, defaultProps). Triggers on React, JSX, hooks, useState, useEffect, useRef, useContext, Server Components, RSC, Actions, React Compiler, Strict Mode, hydration mismatch, React 19 upgrade.

rust-std-docs

Gives current guidance from the official Rust standard library docs (std 1.99.1 stable) on pitfalls, panics, platform differences, discouraged APIs and newer stable replacements. Use when writing, reviewing or refactoring Rust code that uses std, especially collections (Vec, HashMap, BTreeMap, BinaryHeap, entry, extract_if, sort), Option/Result/error handling (expect, ?, Error, ExitCode, panic), iterators (collect, flatten, Peekable, try_fold), Box/Rc/RefCell/Cow/Pin/mem::take, Arc/Mutex/RwLock/OnceLock/LazyLock/thread::scope/mpsc/Condvar/atomics, String/str/fmt/format!/OsString/CString, io/fs/path (BufWriter, OpenOptions, PathBuf::join), process/env/net/time (Command, set_var, TcpStream, Instant, Duration), From/TryFrom/AsRef/Ord/Drop/Deref/Clone, and unsafe raw pointers, MaybeUninit, transmute, NonNull or integer overflow and float ordering.

socketio-docs

Builds, configures and debugs Socket.IO 4.8 servers and clients from the official Socket.IO v4 documentation. Use when writing a Node.js Socket.IO server (Express, Fastify, Koa, Bun, uWebSockets.js) or a socket.io-client app, emitting events with acknowledgements, timeout() and emitWithAck, broadcasting to rooms and namespaces, authenticating in middleware with the auth option, configuring CORS, reverse proxies and sticky sessions, scaling with the Redis, Redis Streams, Postgres, MongoDB or Cluster adapter, enabling connection state recovery and delivery guarantees, tuning reconnection, writing tests, troubleshooting connection issues, or migrating from Socket.IO v2 or v3. Triggers on Socket.IO, socket.io, socket.io-client, io(), new Server, emit, emitWithAck, acknowledgements, rooms, namespaces, broadcast, io.use, middleware, CORS, Redis adapter, sticky sessions, connection state recovery, reconnection, connect_error, Session ID unknown. Not for plain WebSocket servers such as ws without Socket.IO.

tailwindcss-docs

Teaches current Tailwind CSS v4 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use for any task that touches Tailwind CSS v4, even a small one, because many v3 habits silently break in v4. Use when writing or reviewing Tailwind CSS v4 code (utility classes, variants, arbitrary values, theme variables in @theme, @utility, @custom-variant, @apply, @reference, @source), setting up Tailwind in a framework or build tool (Vite plugin, PostCSS plugin, CLI, Next.js, SvelteKit, Nuxt, Angular, Laravel, Rails), customizing the theme (colors, fonts, breakpoints, spacing, animations), building dark mode with a class or data attribute, or migrating a project from Tailwind v3 (tailwind.config.js, @tailwind directives, darkMode class, safelist, bg-opacity, renamed shadow and outline utilities). Triggers on tailwindcss, @import "tailwindcss", @tailwindcss/vite, @tailwindcss/postcss, @tailwindcss/cli, @theme, @custom-variant dark, npx @tailwindcss/upgrade, upgrade to Tailwind v4.

tauri-docs

Tauri 2 apps, tauri.conf.json, capabilities and permissions, commands and invoke, events and channels, plugins, bundling, signing and the updater, migration from Tauri 1. Guides Tauri 2 work from the official v2 documentation, including scopes, managed state, plugin authoring, CSP and the isolation pattern, testing and debugging, Linux, Windows and macOS packages, and mobile and store releases. Use when writing or reviewing a Tauri 2 app, adding a plugin or a capability, fixing a "not allowed" or "forbidden path" error, wiring IPC between Rust and the webview, packaging, signing or publishing a desktop or mobile build, or upgrading a Tauri 1 or 2.0 beta project.

tokio-docs

Gives current guidance from the official tokio documentation (tokio 1.54.1) on async Rust pitfalls, cancel safety, blocking code, surprising defaults and deprecated APIs. Use when writing, reviewing or debugging async Rust code that uses tokio, especially the runtime (#[tokio::main], #[tokio::test], Builder, enable_all, block_on, current_thread, LocalRuntime, shutdown, feature flags), tasks (spawn, JoinHandle, JoinSet, abort, spawn_blocking, block_in_place, LocalSet, spawn_local, task_local), select!, join!, try_join!, cancellation and graceful shutdown, sync primitives (Mutex across .await, RwLock, Semaphore, Notify, OnceCell), channels (mpsc backpressure, oneshot, broadcast lag, watch), time (sleep, interval, MissedTickBehavior, timeout, paused time, start_paused), I/O and networking (AsyncReadExt, BufWriter flush, split, io::copy, framing, TcpListener, TcpStream, UdpSocket), tokio::fs, process (Command, kill_on_drop, Child), signals (ctrl_c, Windows console events) and Windows named pipes.

typescript-docs

Configures, writes and upgrades TypeScript 6.0 code and tsconfig.json from the official TypeScript documentation. Use when upgrading from TypeScript 5.x to 6.0 (strict, types, rootDir, baseUrl, moduleResolution node, target es5, outFile, esModuleInterop), choosing module and moduleResolution, writing package.json exports and imports, fixing ESM and CommonJS interop, enabling verbatimModuleSyntax or erasableSyntaxOnly, setting up project references and tsc --build, writing .d.ts files, checking JavaScript with JSDoc, or debugging narrowing, generics, mapped types, decorators and enums. Triggers on TypeScript, tsc, tsconfig, TS5112, ignoreDeprecations, nodenext, bundler, .d.ts, @ts-check, TypeScript 6 upgrade.

typesense-docs

Pitfalls, surprising defaults and recommended patterns of the Typesense search engine, distilled from the official docs. Use when designing a Typesense collection schema, writing search parameters (q, query_by, filter_by, sort_by, facet_by, group_by), tuning typo tolerance and ranking, building vector, semantic or hybrid search, conversational RAG or natural language search, creating API keys and scoped search keys for multi-tenancy, indexing and import (JSONL, upsert, emplace, dirty_values), syncing from a primary database, reindexing through aliases, managing synonyms (synonym sets), curation sets and stopwords, joins, analytics rules and query suggestions, InstantSearch, migrating from Algolia, or running, clustering, backing up and upgrading a Typesense server.

vite-docs

Teaches current Vite 8 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing or fixing a vite.config, migrating from Vite 7 (Rolldown and Oxc replacing Rollup and esbuild), configuring the dev server, proxy or HMR, handling import.meta.env and modes, tuning the production build, library mode, SSR, writing a Vite plugin, using the HMR or JavaScript API, or the Environment API. Triggers on vite.config, defineConfig, rolldownOptions, import.meta.env, loadEnv, optimizeDeps, ssrLoadModule, ModuleRunner, this.environment, upgrade to Vite 8.

vitest-docs

Teaches current Vitest 5 practices drawn from the official documentation. Use when writing, reviewing or fixing Vitest tests (test, describe, expect, test.for, fixtures with test.extend, hooks, snapshots), mocking with vi (vi.fn, vi.spyOn, vi.mock, vi.when, fake timers, stubGlobal, stubEnv), configuring vitest.config or projects, choosing an environment or pool, filtering and running tests in CI, measuring coverage with v8 or istanbul, debugging slow or flaky suites, testing components in browser mode with Playwright, or migrating from Jest, Mocha or Vitest 4. Triggers on vitest, vi.mock, vi.fn, vitest.config, toMatchSnapshot, expect.poll, coverage thresholds, browser mode, @vitest/browser-playwright, jsdom, happy-dom, migrate Jest to Vitest, upgrade Vitest 5.

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