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糖基工程

分析和工程改造蛋白质糖基化。扫描序列中的N-糖基化序列基序(N-X-S/T),预测O-糖基化热点,并访问精选的糖基工程工具(NetOGlyc、GlycoSHIELD、GlycoWorkbench)。适用于糖蛋白工程、治疗性抗体优化和疫苗设计。

糖基工程 是什么?

该技能为开发人员提供了一套全面的工具和资源,用于分析和工程改造蛋白质糖基化。它能够自动扫描蛋白质序列,寻找规范的N-糖基化序列基序(N-X-S/T,其中X≠脯氨酸),并提供基于Python的实用程序用于修改这些位点(例如,通过保守的N→Q突变消除N-糖基化位点)。此外,它还包含一个启发式预测器,用于识别O-糖基化热点,该预测器基于局部丝氨酸/苏氨酸密度,是NetOGlyc等更复杂工具的快速基线替代方案。该技能集成了预配置的外部服务接口,包括用于高精度O-糖基化预测的NetOGlyc 4.0、用于通过预模拟的聚糖构象体模拟蛋白质表面屏蔽的GlycoSHIELD,以及用于查询实验验证的糖蛋白数据的GlyConnect数据库。该技能主要通过Claude Code或Codex等AI编码助手使用,使其能够直接在开发环境中运行序列扫描、突变分析和数据库查询,从而简化了治疗性抗体、疫苗抗原和生物类似药的糖基化设计和分析工作流程。

兼容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/K-Dense-AI/scientific-agent-skills/tree/main/skills/glycoengineering

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文档

糖基工程 是做什么的?

概述

糖基化是蛋白质最常见且最复杂的翻译后修饰(PTM),影响超过50%的人类蛋白质。聚糖调节蛋白质的折叠、稳定性、免疫识别、受体相互作用以及治疗性蛋白质的药代动力学。糖基工程涉及合理修改糖基化模式,以提高治疗功效、稳定性或免疫逃逸能力。

两种主要的糖基化类型:

  • N-糖基化:附着于天冬酰胺(N)的序列基序N-X-[S/T]上,其中X≠脯氨酸;发生在内质网/高尔基体中
  • O-糖基化:附着于丝氨酸(S)或苏氨酸(T)上;无严格共有基序;主要是GalNAc起始

何时使用此技能

在以下情况下使用此技能:

  • 抗体工程:优化Fc糖基化以增强ADCC、CDC或降低免疫原性
  • 治疗性蛋白质设计:识别影响半衰期、稳定性或免疫原性的糖基化位点
  • 疫苗抗原设计:工程改造聚糖屏蔽,使免疫反应集中于保守表位
  • 生物类似药表征:比较参考药和生物类似药之间的聚糖模式
  • 药物靶点分析:糖基化是否影响受体的靶点结合?
  • 蛋白质稳定性:N-聚糖通常稳定蛋白质;识别用于稳定性突变的位点

N-糖基化序列基序分析

扫描N-糖基化位点

N-糖基化发生在序列基序 N-X-[S/T] 上,其中X≠脯氨酸。

import re
from typing import List, Tuple

def find_n_glycosylation_sequons(sequence: str) -> List[dict]:
    """
    扫描蛋白质序列以寻找规范的N-连接糖基化序列基序。
    基序:N-X-[S/T],其中X≠脯氨酸。

    参数:
        sequence: 单字母氨基酸序列

    返回:
        包含位置(1-based)、基序和上下文的字典列表
    """
    seq = sequence.upper()
    results = []
    i = 0
    while i <= len(seq) - 3:
        triplet = seq[i:i+3]
        if triplet[0] == 'N' and triplet[1] != 'P' and triplet[2] in {'S', 'T'}:
            context = seq[max(0, i-3):i+6]  # ±3残基上下文
            results.append({
                'position': i + 1,   # 1-based
                'motif': triplet,
                'context': context,
                'sequon_type': 'NXS' if triplet[2] == 'S' else 'NXT'
            })
            i += 3
        else:
            i += 1
    return results

def summarize_glycosylation_sites(sequence: str, protein_name: str = "") -> str:
    """生成N-糖基化位点的研究日志摘要。"""
    sequons = find_n_glycosylation_sequons(sequence)

    lines = [f"# N-糖基化序列基序分析:{protein_name or '蛋白质'}"]
    lines.append(f"序列长度:{len(sequence)}")
    lines.append(f"总N-糖基化序列基序数:{len(sequons)}")

    if sequons:
        lines.append(f"\nN-X-S位点:{sum(1 for s in sequons if s['sequon_type'] == 'NXS')}")
        lines.append(f"N-X-T位点:{sum(1 for s in sequons if s['sequon_type'] == 'NXT')}")
        lines.append(f"\n位点详情:")
        for s in sequons:
            lines.append(f"  位置 {s['position']}:{s['motif']}(上下文:...{s['context']}...)")
    else:
        lines.append("未检测到规范N-糖基化序列基序。")

    return "\n".join(lines)

# 示例:IgG1 Fc区
fc_sequence = "APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK"
print(summarize_glycosylation_sites(fc_sequence, "IgG1 Fc"))

突变N-糖基化位点

def eliminate_glycosite(sequence: str, position: int, replacement: str = "Q") -> str:
    """
    通过将天冬酰胺替换为谷氨酰胺(保守突变)来消除N-糖基化位点。

    参数:
        sequence: 蛋白质序列
        position: 待突变天冬酰胺的1-based位置
        replacement: 替换的氨基酸(默认Q=Gln;大小相似,不被糖基化)

    返回:
        突变后的序列
    """
    seq = list(sequence.upper())
    idx = position - 1
    assert seq[idx] == 'N', f"位置 {position} 是 '{seq[idx]}',不是 'N'"
    seq[idx] = replacement.upper()
    return ''.join(seq)

def add_glycosite(sequence: str, position: int, flanking_context: str = "S") -> str:
    """
    通过将一个残基突变为天冬酰胺,并确保X≠脯氨酸且+2位为S/T,来引入N-糖基化位点。

    参数:
        position: 引入天冬酰胺的1-based位置
        flanking_context: 位置+2处的'S'或'T'(如果需要修改)
    """
    seq = list(sequence.upper())
    idx = position - 1

    # 突变为天冬酰胺
    seq[idx] = 'N'

    # 确保X+1不是脯氨酸(必要时突变为丙氨酸)
    if idx + 1 < len(seq) and seq[idx + 1] == 'P':
        seq[idx + 1] = 'A'

    # 确保X+2 = S或T
    if idx + 2 < len(seq) and seq[idx + 2] not in ('S', 'T'):
        seq[idx + 2] = flanking_context

    return ''.join(seq)

O-糖基化分析

启发式O-糖基化热点预测

def predict_o_glycosylation_hotspots(
    sequence: str,
    window: int = 7,
    min_st_fraction: float = 0.4,
    disallow_proline_next: bool = True
) -> List[dict]:
    """
    基于局部S/T密度的启发式O-糖基化热点评分。
    不能替代NetOGlyc;用作快速基线。

    规则:
    - O-GalNAc糖基化聚集在富含Ser/Thr的片段上
    - 标记富含S/T的窗口中的Ser/Thr残基
    - 避免紧接在脯氨酸之后的S/T(TP/SP基序抑制GalNAc-T)

    参数:
        window: 用于局部S/T密度的奇数窗口大小
        min_st_fraction: 窗口中标记位点的最小S/T分数
    """
    if window % 2 == 0:
        window = 7
    seq = sequence.upper()
    half = window // 2
    candidates = []

    for i, aa in enumerate(seq):
        if aa not in ('S', 'T'):
            continue
        if disallow_proline_next and i + 1 < len(seq) and seq[i+1] == 'P':
            continue

        start = max(0, i - half)
        end = min(len(seq), i + half + 1)
        segment = seq[start:end]
        st_count = sum(1 for c in segment if c in ('S', 'T'))
        frac = st_count / len(segment)

        if frac >= min_st_fraction:
            candidates.append({
                'position': i + 1,
                'residue': aa,
                'st_fraction': round(frac, 3),
                'window': f"{start+1}-{end}",
                'segment': segment
            })

    return candidates

外部糖基工程工具

1. NetOGlyc 4.0(O-糖基化预测)

用于高精度O-GalNAc位点预测的网络服务:

import requests

def submit_netoglycv4(fasta_sequence: str) -> str:
    """
    向NetOGlyc 4.0网络服务提交序列。
    返回用于结果检索的作业URL。

    注意:这使用DTU Health Tech网络服务。结果大约需要1-5分钟。
    """
    url = "https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/webface2.cgi"
    # NetOGlyc提交(参数可能因网络服务版本而异)
    # 建议在大多数情况下直接使用网络界面
    print("提交序列至:https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc-4.0/")
    return url

# 另外:NetNGlyc用于N-糖基化预测
# URL:https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc-1.0/

2. GlycoSHIELD(聚糖屏蔽分析)

GlycoSHIELD 将预模拟的聚糖构象体库移植到静态蛋白质结构上,并评分聚糖屏蔽了多少蛋白质表面,无需运行新的分子动力学模拟(Tsai 等人,Cell 2024, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.034):

GlycoSHIELD 不在PyPI上 — uv pip install glycoshield 会失败。它以三个脚本的形式提供,位于一个小型 glycoshield 包之上(需要 numpy, scipy, matplotlib, MDAnalysis;GlycoSASA.py 还需要 PATH 上的 gmx 来自GROMACS)。从检出的仓库安装:

# 安装(GPL-3.0)。聚糖构象体库需单独下载 —
# 请参见 glycan_library_downloader.py 和仓库中的 GLYCAN_LIBRARY/ 目录。
git clone https://gitlab.mpcdf.mpg.de/dioscuri-biophysics/glycoshield-md.git
cd glycoshield-md
uv pip install -e .

# 1. 将聚糖构象体移植到输入文件中列出的每个序列基序上。
#    每行一个位点:<链> <残基-1,残基,残基+1> <1,2,3> <glycan.pdb> <glycan.xtc> <out.pdb> <out.xtc>
python GlycoSHIELD.py --protpdb protein.pdb --inputfile sequons_input \
    --threshold 3.5 --mode CG --shuffle-sugar

# 2. 跨移植系综的每个残基屏蔽分数(探针半径以nm为单位)
python GlycoSASA.py --pdblist A_463.pdb,A_492.pdb --xtclist A_463.xtc,A_492.xtc \
    --probelist 0.14,0.25 --plottrace

说明:这些标志来自脚本的argparse定义和上游教程(具有Man5聚糖的N-钙黏蛋白EC5);此处未实际运行。--mode CG 仅检查与Cα原子的冲突,并与 --threshold 3.5 配对;--mode All 配合 --threshold 0.7 是全原子设置。

3. GlycoWorkbench(聚糖结构绘制/分析)

4. GlyConnect(聚糖-蛋白质数据库)

  • URL:https://glyconnect.expasy.org/
  • 用途:查找实验验证的糖蛋白和糖基化位点
  • 查询方式:按蛋白质(UniProt ID)、聚糖结构或组织查询
import requests

def query_glyconnect(uniprot_id: str) -> dict:
    """查询GlyConnect以获取蛋白质的糖基化数据。"""
    url = f"https://glyconnect.expasy.org/api/proteins/uniprot/{uniprot_id}"
    response = requests.get(url, headers={"Accept": "application/json"})
    if response.status_code == 200:
        return response.json()
    return {}

# 示例:查询EGFR糖基化
egfr_glyco = query_glyconnect("P00533")

5. UniCarbKB(聚糖结构数据库)

  • URL:https://unicarbkb.org/
  • 用途:浏览聚糖结构,按质量或组成搜索
  • 格式:GlycoCT 或 IUPAC 表示法

关键的糖基工程策略

对于治疗性抗体

目标策略备注
增强ADCCFc Asn297位点去岩藻糖基化非岩藻糖基化的IgG1对FcγRIIIa的结合力增强约50倍
降低免疫原性去除非人源聚糖消除α-Gal、NGNA表位
改善药代动力学半衰期唾液酸化唾液酸化的聚糖可延长半衰期
减少炎症高度唾液酸化IVIG抗炎机制
创建聚糖屏蔽在表面添加N-糖基化位点掩盖易攻击表位(疫苗设计)

常用突变

突变效果
N297A/Q(IgG1)去除Fc糖基化(去糖基化)
N297D(IgG1)去除Fc糖基化
S298A/E333A/K334A增加FcγRIIIa结合
F243L(IgG1)增加去岩藻糖基化
T299A去除Fc糖基化

聚糖表示法

IUPAC紧缩表示法(单糖缩写)

符号全称类型
Glc葡萄糖己糖
GlcNAcN-乙酰葡糖胺HexNAc
Man甘露糖己糖
Gal半乳糖己糖
Fuc岩藻糖脱氧己糖
Neu5AcN-乙酰神经氨酸(唾液酸)唾液酸
GalNAcN-乙酰半乳糖胺HexNAc

复杂N-聚糖结构

典型的复杂双天线N-聚糖:
Neu5Ac-Gal-GlcNAc-Man\
                       Man-GlcNAc-GlcNAc-[Asn]
Neu5Ac-Gal-GlcNAc-Man/
(最内侧GlcNAc处±核心岩藻糖)

最佳实践

  • 首先使用NetNGlyc/NetOGlyc进行计算预测,然后再进行实验验证
  • 使用质谱验证:糖蛋白组学(Byonic, Mascot)用于位点特异性聚糖分析
  • 考虑位点上下文:并非所有预测的序列基序都会被实际糖基化(可及性、细胞类型、蛋白质构象)
  • 对于抗体:Fc N297聚糖至关重要 — 始终首先表征此位点
  • 使用GlyConnect检查您感兴趣的蛋白质是否具有实验验证的糖基化数据

附加资源

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

adaptyv

How to use the Adaptyv Bio Foundry API and Python SDK for protein experiment design, submission, and results retrieval. Use this skill whenever the user mentions Adaptyv, Foundry API, protein binding assays, protein screening experiments, BLI/SPR assays, thermostability assays, or wants to submit protein sequences for experimental characterization. Also trigger when code imports `adaptyv`, `adaptyv_sdk`, or `FoundryClient`, or references `foundry-api-public.adaptyvbio.com`.

aeon

This skill should be used for time series machine learning tasks including classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, anomaly detection, segmentation, and similarity search. Use when working with temporal data, sequential patterns, or time-indexed observations requiring specialized algorithms beyond standard ML approaches. Particularly suited for univariate and multivariate time series analysis with scikit-learn compatible APIs.

alphagenome

Look up precomputed AlphaGenome Atlas effects for any GRCh38 single-nucleotide variant (AVI score with Phred and 18 SHAP feature attributions, plus raw and quantile scores for RNA-seq, DNase, ATAC, ChIP-TF, ChIP-histone, CAGE, PRO-cap, splicing, polyadenylation and contact-map tracks), score variants or scan windows on demand with the AlphaGenome model for human and mouse (variant scoring, in silico mutagenesis, REF-versus-ALT track prediction), and build Atlas website deep links. Use when the user mentions AlphaGenome, AlphaGenome Atlas, AVI or AlphaGenome Variant Impact, DeepMind variant effect prediction, or wants to prioritise or mechanistically interpret non-coding, regulatory, splicing, enhancer, promoter, or chromatin-accessibility effects of SNVs from a VCF, credible set, or region. Research use only; not a clinical tool.

analytical-method-validation

Plan, execute, and document validation, verification, and transfer of analytical procedures under the governing framework - ICH Q2(R2) and Q14, USP <1220>/<1225>/<1226>, ICH M10 bioanalytical, CLSI EP, or ISO/IEC 17025. Use for HPLC, LC-MS/MS, GC, CE, ICP-MS, dissolution, qNMR, qPCR, NIR, and ligand binding or cell-based assays whenever the question is whether a procedure is fit for its intended purpose. Triggers include

anndata

Data structure for annotated matrices in single-cell analysis. Use when working with .h5ad files or integrating with the scverse ecosystem. This is the data format skill—for analysis workflows use scanpy; for probabilistic models use scvi-tools; for population-scale queries use cellxgene-census.

arbor

Autonomously improve a real artifact (code, training recipe, agent harness, data pipeline, prompt) against an objective and an evaluator, using Hypothesis Tree Refinement (HTR) from the Arbor paper. Use this whenever someone wants to iteratively optimize something over many experiments without overfitting — e.g.

arboreto

Infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from gene expression data using scalable algorithms (GRNBoost2, GENIE3). Use when analyzing transcriptomics data (bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq) to identify transcription factor-target gene relationships and regulatory interactions. Supports distributed computation for large-scale datasets.

astropy

Core Python library for astronomy and astrophysics workflows that need Astropy APIs, including units/quantities, coordinates, FITS I/O, tables, time systems, WCS, and cosmology. Use when implementing or debugging astronomical data analysis code with Astropy.

autoskill

Observe the user

benchling-integration

Benchling Python SDK and REST API integration for registry entities, inventory, ELN entries, workflows, Benchling Apps, and Data Warehouse queries. Use when automating lab data with benchling-sdk or the v2 API.

bgpt-paper-search

Search scientific papers and retrieve structured experimental data extracted from full-text studies via the BGPT MCP server. Returns 25+ fields per paper including methods, results, sample sizes, quality scores, and conclusions. Use for literature reviews, evidence synthesis, and finding experimental details not available in abstracts alone.

bids

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biopython

Comprehensive molecular biology toolkit. Use for sequence manipulation, file parsing (FASTA/GenBank/PDB), phylogenetics, and programmatic NCBI/PubMed access (Bio.Entrez). Best for batch processing, custom bioinformatics pipelines, BLAST automation. For quick lookups use gget; for multi-service integration use bioservices.

bioservices

Unified Python interface to 40+ bioinformatics services. Use when querying multiple databases (UniProt, KEGG, ChEMBL, Reactome) in a single workflow with consistent API. Best for cross-database analysis, ID mapping across services. For quick single-database lookups use gget; for sequence/file manipulation use biopython.

bulk-rnaseq

End-to-end bulk RNA-seq orchestrator — takes raw FASTQ reads through QC and trimming (FastQC, fastp/Trim Galore), alignment and quantification (STAR, Salmon, featureCounts), assembles a gene-level counts matrix, then hands off to differential expression (pydeseq2), pathway/GSEA enrichment (pathway-enrichment), and publication figures (scientific-visualization). Use whenever the user has bulk RNA-seq reads or quant output and wants a complete, reproducible differential-expression workflow — e.g.

cellxgene-census

Query the CZ CELLxGENE Census programmatically for versioned public single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data. Use when you need population-scale cell metadata, gene expression slices, Census summary counts, source H5AD URIs/downloads, embeddings, spatial Census data, or reference atlas comparisons across organisms, tissues, diseases, assays, and cell types. For analyzing your own local single-cell data use scanpy, anndata, or scvi-tools.

cirq

Google quantum computing framework. Use when targeting Google Quantum AI hardware, designing noise-aware circuits, or running quantum characterization experiments. Best for Google hardware, noise modeling, and low-level circuit design. For IBM hardware use qiskit; for quantum ML with autodiff use pennylane; for physics simulations use qutip.

citation-management

Comprehensive citation management for academic research. Search OpenAlex, PubMed, and Google Scholar for papers, extract accurate metadata, validate citations, and generate properly formatted BibTeX entries. This skill should be used when you need to find papers, verify citation information, convert DOIs to BibTeX, or ensure reference accuracy in scientific writing.

clinical-decision-support

Prepare and validate research-only clinical decision-support evaluation, evidence-profile, cohort, survival, biomarker/model, privacy, and governance artifacts. Use for aggregate or synthetic research documentation and traceability—not patient care or live clinical operation.

clinical-reports

Create safety-bounded draft structures and run local deterministic checks for clinical case, diagnostic, trial, safety, and aggregate research reports. Use only with synthetic, de-identified, or aggregate inputs and verified source-fact manifests; every output requires qualified review.

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