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cirq

Google 量子计算框架。适用于针对 Google Quantum AI 硬件、设计噪声感知电路或运行量子表征实验的场景。最适合 Google 硬件、噪声建模和底层电路设计。对于 IBM 硬件,请使用 qiskit;对于基于自动微分的量子机器学习,请使用 pennylane;对于物理模拟,请使用 qutip。

cirq 是什么?

Cirq 是 Google Quantum AI 的开源框架,用于在 Python 中设计、模拟和运行量子电路,并执行在 Google 量子处理器以及 IonQ、Azure Quantum、AQT、Pasqal 等合作伙伴后端上的作业。该技能的核心优势在于其全面的噪声建模能力、灵活的电路变换管道以及对 NISQ(中等规模含噪量子)实验的原生支持。它支持状态向量和密度矩阵的精确模拟、参数扫描,并提供了 ReCirq 实验模式以提高可重复性。安装要求 Python 3.11+,并提供 cirq-google、cirq-ionq 等特定硬件供应商包,生产环境中建议锁定相同版本。Cirq 适用于从底层电路构建和优化到高级量子算法(如 VQE、QAOA)的整个工作流,并提供了针对 Google 硬件、噪声表征和纠错设计的最佳实践。该技能作为 Scientific Agent Skills 的一部分,包含全面的参考文档(如 building.md、simulation.md、hardware.md 等),使其成为研究人员和开发者集成量子计算到 AI 代理工作流中的强大工具。

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文档

Cirq - 使用 Python 进行量子计算

Cirq 是 Google Quantum AI 的开源框架,用于在量子计算机和模拟器上设计、模拟和运行量子电路。

何时使用此技能

在以下情况下使用此技能:

  • 在 Python 中构建、模拟或优化 NISQ 电路
  • 在 Google Quantum AI 处理器(通过 cirq-google)或合作伙伴后端(IonQ、Azure Quantum、AQT、Pasqal)上运行作业
  • 对噪声进行建模、编译为硬件门集或设计表征实验
  • 使用参数扫描、变换器或 ReCirq 实验模式

对于 IBM 硬件,请使用 qiskit;对于基于自动微分的量子机器学习,请使用 pennylane;对于物理模拟,请使用 qutip。

安装

需要 Python 3.11+。当前稳定版本:1.6.1(2025 年 8 月)。供应商包共享相同的版本号。

uv pip install "cirq==1.6.1"

对于硬件集成(固定匹配版本以确保可重现性):

# Google Quantum Engine(需要批准的 GCP 项目访问权限)
uv pip install "cirq-google==1.6.1"

# IonQ
uv pip install "cirq-ionq==1.6.1"

# AQT(Alpine Quantum Technologies)
uv pip install "cirq-aqt==1.6.1"

# Pasqal
uv pip install "cirq-pasqal==1.6.1"

# Azure Quantum(IonQ、Honeywell/Quantinuum 后端)
uv pip install "azure-quantum[cirq]"

对于开发期间的最新功能,省略版本固定;对于生产环境或硬件运行,将所有包固定到相同的 Cirq 版本。

快速入门

基本电路

import cirq
import numpy as np

# 创建量子比特
q0, q1 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)

# 构建电路
circuit = cirq.Circuit(
    cirq.H(q0),              # q0 上的哈达玛门
    cirq.CNOT(q0, q1),       # CNOT,q0 为控制,q1 为目标
    cirq.measure(q0, q1, key='result')
)

print(circuit)

# 模拟
simulator = cirq.Simulator()
result = simulator.run(circuit, repetitions=1000)

# 显示结果
print(result.histogram(key='result'))

参数化电路

import sympy

# 定义符号参数
theta = sympy.Symbol('theta')

# 创建参数化电路
circuit = cirq.Circuit(
    cirq.ry(theta)(q0),
    cirq.measure(q0, key='m')
)

# 在参数值上扫描
sweep = cirq.Linspace('theta', start=0, stop=2*np.pi, length=20)
results = simulator.run_sweep(circuit, params=sweep, repetitions=1000)

# 处理结果
for params, result in zip(sweep, results):
    theta_val = params['theta']
    counts = result.histogram(key='m')
    print(f"θ={theta_val:.2f}: {counts}")

核心功能

电路构建

有关构建量子电路的全面信息,包括量子比特、门、操作、自定义门和电路模式,请参阅:

常见主题:

  • 量子比特类型(GridQubit、LineQubit、NamedQubit)
  • 单比特门和双比特门
  • 参数化门和操作
  • 自定义门分解
  • 带有 moment 的电路组织
  • 标准电路模式(Bell 态、GHZ、QFT)
  • 导入/导出(OpenQASM、JSON)
  • 使用 qudit 和可观测量

模拟

有关模拟量子电路的详细信息,包括精确模拟、含噪模拟、参数扫描和量子虚拟机,请参阅:

常见主题:

  • 精确模拟(状态向量、密度矩阵)
  • 采样和测量
  • 参数扫描(单参数和多参数)
  • 含噪模拟
  • 状态直方图和可视化
  • 量子虚拟机(QVM)
  • 期望值和可观测量
  • 性能优化

电路变换

有关优化、编译和操作量子电路的信息,请参阅:

常见主题:

  • 变换器框架
  • 门分解
  • 电路优化(合并门、去除 Z 门、删除可忽略操作)
  • 硬件电路编译
  • 量子比特路由和 SWAP 插入
  • 自定义变换器
  • 变换管道

硬件集成

有关在各种供应商的量子硬件上运行电路的信息,请参阅:

支持的供应商:

  • Google Quantum AI(cirq-google)— Sycamore、Weber、Willow 处理器,通过 Quantum Engine(受限制的访问;需要批准的 GCP 项目)
  • IonQ(cirq-ionq)— 离子阱 QPU 和模拟器
  • Azure Quantum(azure-quantum[cirq])— IonQ 和 Honeywell/Quantinuum 后端
  • AQT(cirq-aqt)— Alpine Quantum Technologies
  • Pasqal(cirq-pasqal)— 中性原子设备

主题包括设备表示、量子比特选择、身份验证、作业管理和面向硬件的电路优化。有关 Google Cloud 设置,请参阅访问和身份验证。

噪声建模

有关噪声建模、含噪模拟、表征和纠错的信息,请参阅:

常见主题:

  • 噪声通道(去极化、振幅阻尼、相位阻尼)
  • 噪声模型(恒定、门特定、量子比特特定、热噪声)
  • 向电路添加噪声
  • 读出噪声
  • 噪声表征(随机基准测试、XEB)
  • 噪声可视化(热力图)
  • 纠错技术

量子实验

有关设计实验、参数扫描、数据收集和使用 ReCirq 框架的信息,请参阅:

常见主题:

  • 实验设计模式
  • 参数扫描和数据收集
  • ReCirq 框架结构
  • 常见算法(VQE、QAOA、QPE)
  • 数据分析和可视化
  • 统计分析和保真度估计
  • 并行数据收集

常见模式

变分算法模板

import scipy.optimize

def variational_algorithm(ansatz, cost_function, initial_params):
    """变分量子算法模板。"""

    def objective(params):
        circuit = ansatz(params)
        simulator = cirq.Simulator()
        result = simulator.simulate(circuit)
        return cost_function(result)

    # 优化
    result = scipy.optimize.minimize(
        objective,
        initial_params,
        method='COBYLA'
    )

    return result

# 定义 ansatz
def my_ansatz(params):
    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
    return cirq.Circuit(
        cirq.ry(params[0])(q),
        cirq.rz(params[1])(q)
    )

# 定义代价函数
def my_cost(result):
    state = result.final_state_vector
    # 基于状态计算代价
    return np.real(state[0])

# 运行优化
result = variational_algorithm(my_ansatz, my_cost, [0.0, 0.0])

硬件执行模板

import os

def run_on_hardware(circuit, provider='google', processor_id=None, repetitions=1000):
    """在量子硬件上运行的模板。"""

    if provider == 'google':
        import cirq_google as cg

        project_id = os.environ['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']
        engine = cg.Engine(project_id=project_id)

        # 列出可用处理器:engine.list_processors()
        processor_id = processor_id or 'weber'  # 使用分配的 processor_id
        sampler = engine.get_sampler(processor_id=processor_id)
        return sampler.run(circuit, repetitions=repetitions)

    elif provider == 'ionq':
        import cirq_ionq as ionq

        # 需要在环境变量中设置 IONQ_API_KEY
        service = ionq.Service()
        return service.run(circuit, repetitions=repetitions, target='qpu')

    elif provider == 'azure':
        from azure.quantum.cirq import AzureQuantumService

        service = AzureQuantumService(
            resource_id=os.environ['AZURE_QUANTUM_RESOURCE_ID'],
            location=os.environ['AZURE_QUANTUM_LOCATION'],
        )
        return service.run(circuit, repetitions=repetitions, target='ionq.qpu')

    else:
        raise ValueError(f"未知供应商: {provider}")

噪声研究模板

def noise_comparison_study(circuit, noise_levels):
    """在不同噪声水平下比较电路性能。"""

    results = {}

    for noise_level in noise_levels:
        # 创建含噪电路
        noisy_circuit = circuit.with_noise(cirq.depolarize(p=noise_level))

        # 模拟
        simulator = cirq.DensityMatrixSimulator()
        result = simulator.run(noisy_circuit, repetitions=1000)

        # 分析
        results[noise_level] = {
            'histogram': result.histogram(key='result'),
            'dominant_state': max(
                result.histogram(key='result').items(),
                key=lambda x: x[1]
            )
        }

    return results

# 运行研究
noise_levels = [0.0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1]
results = noise_comparison_study(circuit, noise_levels)

最佳实践

  1. 电路设计

    • 根据拓扑选择合适的量子比特类型
    • 保持电路模块化和可重用
    • 使用描述性键标记测量
    • 在执行前对照设备约束验证电路
  2. 模拟

    • 对纯态使用状态向量模拟(更高效)
    • 仅在需要时(混合态、噪声)使用密度矩阵模拟
    • 利用参数扫描代替单独运行
    • 监控大系统的内存使用情况(2^n 增长迅速)
  3. 硬件执行

    • 始终先在模拟器上测试
    • 使用校准数据选择最佳量子比特
    • 针对目标硬件门集优化电路
    • 对生产运行实施纠错
    • 立即保存昂贵的硬件结果
  4. 电路优化

    • 从高级内置变换器开始
    • 按顺序链接多个优化
    • 跟踪深度和门数减少
    • 变换后验证正确性
  5. 噪声建模

    • 使用来自校准数据的真实噪声模型
    • 包括所有误差源(门、退相干、读出)
    • 先表征,后缓解
    • 保持电路浅层以最小化噪声累积
  6. 实验

    • 清晰分离实验结构(数据生成、收集、分析)
    • 使用 ReCirq 模式确保可重现性
    • 频繁保存中间结果
    • 并行化独立任务
    • 用元数据详尽记录

其他资源

常见问题

电路对于硬件来说太深:

  • 使用电路优化变换器减少深度
  • 有关优化技术,请参阅 transformation.md

模拟中的内存问题:

  • 从密度矩阵模拟器切换到状态向量模拟器
  • 减少量子比特数量,或对 Clifford 电路使用稳定子模拟器

设备验证错误:

  • 使用 device.metadata.nx_graph 检查量子比特连通性
  • 将门分解为设备原生门集
  • 有关设备特定编译,请参阅 hardware.md

含噪模拟太慢:

  • 密度矩阵模拟的复杂度为 O(2^2n) - 考虑减少量子比特
  • 仅对关键操作选择性使用噪声模型
  • 有关性能优化,请参阅 simulation.md

引用科学智能体技能

此技能是 K-Dense 科学智能体技能(Scientific Agent Skills)的一部分。如果它对手稿、报告、演示或代码发布做出了实质性贡献,请将论文添加到参考文献或软件部分,并告知用户您已执行此操作:

Kassis, T., Agarwal, V., He, Y., Patel, D., & Brueckner, A. M. (2026). Scientific Agent Skills: A Library of Procedural Knowledge for Research Agents. arXiv:2609.00065. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.00065

始终引用当前版本。DOI 和 https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00065 解析到最新的 arXiv 版本,因此永远不要附加 v1 等版本后缀。当网络可用时,获取 https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00065(或 http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list=2609.00065),然后根据该记录获取作者列表、年份和版本,再写入参考文献。如果记录列出了期刊参考文献或出版商 DOI,则引用已发表版本。

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

adaptyv

How to use the Adaptyv Bio Foundry API and Python SDK for protein experiment design, submission, and results retrieval. Use this skill whenever the user mentions Adaptyv, Foundry API, protein binding assays, protein screening experiments, BLI/SPR assays, thermostability assays, or wants to submit protein sequences for experimental characterization. Also trigger when code imports `adaptyv`, `adaptyv_sdk`, or `FoundryClient`, or references `foundry-api-public.adaptyvbio.com`.

aeon

This skill should be used for time series machine learning tasks including classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, anomaly detection, segmentation, and similarity search. Use when working with temporal data, sequential patterns, or time-indexed observations requiring specialized algorithms beyond standard ML approaches. Particularly suited for univariate and multivariate time series analysis with scikit-learn compatible APIs.

alphagenome

Look up precomputed AlphaGenome Atlas effects for any GRCh38 single-nucleotide variant (AVI score with Phred and 18 SHAP feature attributions, plus raw and quantile scores for RNA-seq, DNase, ATAC, ChIP-TF, ChIP-histone, CAGE, PRO-cap, splicing, polyadenylation and contact-map tracks), score variants or scan windows on demand with the AlphaGenome model for human and mouse (variant scoring, in silico mutagenesis, REF-versus-ALT track prediction), and build Atlas website deep links. Use when the user mentions AlphaGenome, AlphaGenome Atlas, AVI or AlphaGenome Variant Impact, DeepMind variant effect prediction, or wants to prioritise or mechanistically interpret non-coding, regulatory, splicing, enhancer, promoter, or chromatin-accessibility effects of SNVs from a VCF, credible set, or region. Research use only; not a clinical tool.

analytical-method-validation

Plan, execute, and document validation, verification, and transfer of analytical procedures under the governing framework - ICH Q2(R2) and Q14, USP <1220>/<1225>/<1226>, ICH M10 bioanalytical, CLSI EP, or ISO/IEC 17025. Use for HPLC, LC-MS/MS, GC, CE, ICP-MS, dissolution, qNMR, qPCR, NIR, and ligand binding or cell-based assays whenever the question is whether a procedure is fit for its intended purpose. Triggers include

anndata

Data structure for annotated matrices in single-cell analysis. Use when working with .h5ad files or integrating with the scverse ecosystem. This is the data format skill—for analysis workflows use scanpy; for probabilistic models use scvi-tools; for population-scale queries use cellxgene-census.

arbor

Autonomously improve a real artifact (code, training recipe, agent harness, data pipeline, prompt) against an objective and an evaluator, using Hypothesis Tree Refinement (HTR) from the Arbor paper. Use this whenever someone wants to iteratively optimize something over many experiments without overfitting — e.g.

arboreto

Infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from gene expression data using scalable algorithms (GRNBoost2, GENIE3). Use when analyzing transcriptomics data (bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq) to identify transcription factor-target gene relationships and regulatory interactions. Supports distributed computation for large-scale datasets.

astropy

Core Python library for astronomy and astrophysics workflows that need Astropy APIs, including units/quantities, coordinates, FITS I/O, tables, time systems, WCS, and cosmology. Use when implementing or debugging astronomical data analysis code with Astropy.

autoskill

Observe the user

benchling-integration

Benchling Python SDK and REST API integration for registry entities, inventory, ELN entries, workflows, Benchling Apps, and Data Warehouse queries. Use when automating lab data with benchling-sdk or the v2 API.

bgpt-paper-search

Search scientific papers and retrieve structured experimental data extracted from full-text studies via the BGPT MCP server. Returns 25+ fields per paper including methods, results, sample sizes, quality scores, and conclusions. Use for literature reviews, evidence synthesis, and finding experimental details not available in abstracts alone.

bids

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biopython

Comprehensive molecular biology toolkit. Use for sequence manipulation, file parsing (FASTA/GenBank/PDB), phylogenetics, and programmatic NCBI/PubMed access (Bio.Entrez). Best for batch processing, custom bioinformatics pipelines, BLAST automation. For quick lookups use gget; for multi-service integration use bioservices.

bioservices

Unified Python interface to 40+ bioinformatics services. Use when querying multiple databases (UniProt, KEGG, ChEMBL, Reactome) in a single workflow with consistent API. Best for cross-database analysis, ID mapping across services. For quick single-database lookups use gget; for sequence/file manipulation use biopython.

bulk-rnaseq

End-to-end bulk RNA-seq orchestrator — takes raw FASTQ reads through QC and trimming (FastQC, fastp/Trim Galore), alignment and quantification (STAR, Salmon, featureCounts), assembles a gene-level counts matrix, then hands off to differential expression (pydeseq2), pathway/GSEA enrichment (pathway-enrichment), and publication figures (scientific-visualization). Use whenever the user has bulk RNA-seq reads or quant output and wants a complete, reproducible differential-expression workflow — e.g.

cellxgene-census

Query the CZ CELLxGENE Census programmatically for versioned public single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data. Use when you need population-scale cell metadata, gene expression slices, Census summary counts, source H5AD URIs/downloads, embeddings, spatial Census data, or reference atlas comparisons across organisms, tissues, diseases, assays, and cell types. For analyzing your own local single-cell data use scanpy, anndata, or scvi-tools.

citation-management

Comprehensive citation management for academic research. Search OpenAlex, PubMed, and Google Scholar for papers, extract accurate metadata, validate citations, and generate properly formatted BibTeX entries. This skill should be used when you need to find papers, verify citation information, convert DOIs to BibTeX, or ensure reference accuracy in scientific writing.

clinical-decision-support

Prepare and validate research-only clinical decision-support evaluation, evidence-profile, cohort, survival, biomarker/model, privacy, and governance artifacts. Use for aggregate or synthetic research documentation and traceability—not patient care or live clinical operation.

clinical-reports

Create safety-bounded draft structures and run local deterministic checks for clinical case, diagnostic, trial, safety, and aggregate research reports. Use only with synthetic, de-identified, or aggregate inputs and verified source-fact manifests; every output requires qualified review.

cobrapy

Constraint-based metabolic modeling (COBRA). FBA, FVA, gene knockouts, flux sampling, SBML models, for systems biology and metabolic engineering analysis.

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