laravel-tdd

Laravel-Tests mit TDD

Testgetriebene Entwicklung für Laravel-Anwendungen mit PHPUnit, Pest, Laravel-Factories und Test-Helfern.

Wann aktivieren

• Schreiben neuer Laravel-Anwendungen oder Funktionen
• Implementieren von API-Endpunkten mit Sanctum- oder Passport-Authentifizierung
• Testen von Eloquent-Modellen, Beziehungen, Scopes und Accessoren
• Einrichten der Testinfrastruktur für Laravel-Projekte
• Schreiben von Feature-Tests für HTTP-Controller und Form Requests
• Mocken externer Dienste (Queues, Mail, Notifications, HTTP)

TDD-Workflow für Laravel

Rot-Grün-Refaktor-Zyklus

// Schritt 1: ROT — Einen fehlschlagenden Test schreiben
public function test_ein_produkt_kann_erstellt_werden(): void
{
    $produkt = Produkt::factory()->create(['name' => 'Test Produkt']);
    $this->assertDatabaseHas('produkte', ['name' => 'Test Produkt']);
}

// Schritt 2: GRÜN — Migration, Modell und Factory schreiben
// Schritt 3: REFAKTOR — Verbessern, während die Tests grün bleiben

Einrichtung

PHPUnit-Konfiguration

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
         bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
         colors="true">
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Unit">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Unit</directory>
        </testsuite>
        <testsuite name="Feature">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Feature</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <php>
        <env name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>
        <env name="BCRYPT_ROUNDS" value="4"/>
        <env name="CACHE_STORE" value="array"/>
        <env name="DB_CONNECTION" value="sqlite"/>
        <env name="DB_DATABASE" value=":memory:"/>
        <env name="MAIL_MAILER" value="array"/>
        <env name="QUEUE_CONNECTION" value="sync"/>
        <env name="SESSION_DRIVER" value="array"/>
    </php>
</phpunit>

Basis-TestCase-Einrichtung

namespace Tests;

use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\TestCase as BaseTestCase;

abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase
{
    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();
        // Rufe $this->withoutExceptionHandling() nur in Tests auf, die
        // Nicht-HTTP-Ausnahmen testen; es unterdrückt assertStatus() usw.
    }

    // Hilfsmethode: Authentifizieren und Benutzer zurückgeben
    protected function actingAsUser(): mixed
    {
        $user = \App\Models\User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);
        return $user;
    }

    protected function actingAsAdmin(): mixed
    {
        $admin = \App\Models\User::factory()->admin()->create();
        $this->actingAs($admin);
        return $admin;
    }
}

Modell-Factories

// database/factories/UserFactory.php
class UserFactory extends Factory
{
    protected static ?string $password = null;

    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->name(),
            'email' => fake()->unique()->safeEmail(),
            'email_verified_at' => now(),
            'password' => static::$password ??= Hash::make('password'),
            'remember_token' => Str::random(10),
            'role' => 'user',
        ];
    }

    public function admin(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['role' => 'admin']);
    }

    public function unverified(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['email_verified_at' => null]);
    }
}

// database/factories/ProductFactory.php
class ProductFactory extends Factory
{
    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->unique()->words(3, true),
            'slug' => fn (array $attrs) => Str::slug($attrs['name']),
            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
            'price' => fake()->numberBetween(100, 100000),
            'stock' => fake()->numberBetween(0, 100),
            'is_active' => true,
            'user_id' => UserFactory::new(),
        ];
    }

    public function outOfStock(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['stock' => 0]);
    }
}

Factories verwenden

$user = User::factory()->create();
$admin = User::factory()->admin()->create();
$product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);
$products = Product::factory()->count(10)->create();
$draft = Product::factory()->make(); // Nicht persistiert

// Mit Beziehungen
$user = User::factory()->has(Product::factory()->count(3))->create();

// Sequenzen
User::factory()->count(3)->sequence(
    ['role' => 'admin'], ['role' => 'editor'], ['role' => 'user'],
)->create();

Modell-Tests

namespace Tests\Unit\Models;

use App\Models\User;
use App\Models\Product;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class UserTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_es_versteckt_sensible_Attribute(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('password', $user->toArray());
    }

    public function test_admin_scope_gibt_nur_admins_zurueck(): void
    {
        User::factory()->admin()->create();
        User::factory()->count(3)->create();

        $this->assertCount(1, User::admin()->get());
    }
}

class ProductTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_active_scope_filtert_korrekt(): void
    {
        Product::factory()->count(3)->create(['is_active' => true]);
        Product::factory()->count(2)->create(['is_active' => false]);

        $this->assertCount(3, Product::active()->get());
    }

    public function test_es_gehoert_zu_einem_benutzer(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $this->assertTrue($product->user->is($user));
    }
}

Feature-/HTTP-Tests

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_gaeste_werden_zum_login_weitergeleitet(): void
    {
        $this->get(route('products.create'))->assertRedirect(route('login'));
    }

    public function test_es_speichert_ein_neues_produkt(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);

        $response = $this->post(route('products.store'), [
            'name' => 'Neues Produkt',
            'description' => 'Beschreibung',
            'price' => 2999,
            'stock' => 10,
        ]);

        $response->assertRedirect(route('products.index'));
        $this->assertDatabaseHas('products', [
            'name' => 'Neues Produkt',
            'user_id' => $user->id,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_es_validiert_pflichtfelder(): void
    {
        $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create());
        $this->post(route('products.store'), [])
            ->assertSessionHasErrors(['name', 'price']);
    }

    public function test_benutzer_koennen_fremde_produkte_nicht_aendern(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->delete(route('products.destroy', $product))
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

JSON-API-Tests

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductApiTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_nicht_authentifizierte_anfragen_werden_abgelehnt(): void
    {
        $this->getJson('/api/products')->assertUnauthorized();
    }

    public function test_es_listet_paginierte_produkte_auf(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        Product::factory()->count(5)->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->getJson('/api/products');

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonCount(5, 'data');
        $response->assertJsonStructure([
            'data' => [['id', 'name', 'price']],
            'meta' => ['current_page', 'last_page', 'total'],
        ]);
    }

    public function test_es_erstellt_ein_produkt(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->postJson('/api/products', [
            'name' => 'API-Produkt',
            'price' => 4999,
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonPath('data.name', 'API-Produkt');
    }

    public function test_benutzer_koennen_fremde_produkte_nicht_loeschen(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->deleteJson("/api/products/{$product->id}")
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

Sanctum-API-Auth-Tests

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Tests\TestCase;

class AuthControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_benutzer_koennen_sich_registrieren(): void
    {
        $response = $this->postJson('/api/register', [
            'name' => 'Test Benutzer',
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Passwort123!',
            'password_confirmation' => 'Passwort123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['user', 'token']]);
    }

    public function test_benutzer_koennen_sich_einloggen(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create([
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => Hash::make('Passwort123!'),
        ]);

        $response = $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Passwort123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['token']]);
    }

    public function test_benutzer_koennen_sich_mit_falschem_passwort_nicht_einloggen(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create(['email' => '[email protected]']);

        $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'falsch',
        ])->assertUnprocessable();
    }

    public function test_token_bearer_authentifiziert_anfragen(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $token = $user->createToken('test')->plainTextToken;

        $this->withToken($token)
            ->getJson('/api/user')
            ->assertOk()
            ->assertJsonPath('data.email', $user->email);
    }
}

Mocking und Fakes

HTTP-Fake

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

public function test_es_behandelt_erfolgreiche_zahlung(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['id' => 'pi_123', 'status' => 'succeeded'], 200),
    ]);

    $result = (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
    $this->assertTrue($result->success);
}

public function test_es_behandelt_gateway_fehler(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['error' => 'card_declined'], 402),
    ]);

    $this->expectException(PaymentFailedException::class);
    (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
}

public function test_es_wiederholt_bei_timeout(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::sequence()
            ->pushStatus(408)
            ->pushStatus(200),
    ]);

    $this->assertTrue((new PaymentService())->charge(2999)->success);
}

Mail-Fake

Mail::fake();

$order->sendConfirmation();

Mail::assertSent(OrderConfirmation::class, function ($mail) use ($order) {
    return $mail->hasTo($order->user->email);
});

Notification-Fake

Notification::fake();

$user->notify(new WelcomeUser());

Notification::assertSentTo($user, WelcomeUser::class);

Queue-Fake

Queue::fake();

ProcessImage::dispatch($product);

Queue::assertPushed(ProcessImage::class, function ($job) use ($product) {
    return $job->product->id === $product->id;
});

Storage-Fake

Storage::fake('public');

$file = UploadedFile::fake()->image('photo.jpg', 200, 200);

$response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/avatar', [
    'avatar' => $file,
]);

$response->assertSessionHasNoErrors();
Storage::disk('public')->assertExists('avatars/' . $file->hashName());

Event-Fake

Event::fake();

$order->markAsShipped();

Event::assertDispatched(OrderShipped::class, function ($event) use ($order) {
    return $event->order->id === $order->id;
});

Artisan-Befehlstests

public function test_es_sendet_newsletter(): void
{
    Mail::fake();
    User::factory()->count(5)->create(['subscribed' => true]);

    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('Sende Newsletter an 5 Abonnenten...')
        ->assertExitCode(0);

    Mail::assertSent(NewsletterMail::class, 5);
}

public function test_es_behandelt_keine_abonnenten(): void
{
    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('Keine Abonnenten gefunden.')
        ->assertExitCode(0);
}

Autorisierungstests

public function test_benutzer_koennen_eigene_beitraege_bearbeiten(): void
{
    $user = User::factory()->create();
    $post = Post::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

    $this->actingAs($user)
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => 'Aktualisiert'])
        ->assertRedirect();
}

public function test_benutzer_koennen_fremde_beitraege_nicht_bearbeiten(): void
{
    $post = Post::factory()->create();
    $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create())
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => 'Gehackt'])
        ->assertForbidden();
}