laravel-tdd

以 TDD 進行 Laravel 測試

使用 PHPUnit、Pest、Laravel 工廠和測試助手對 Laravel 應用程式進行測試驅動開發。

何時啟用

• 編寫新的 Laravel 應用程式或功能
• 使用 Sanctum 或 Passport 驗證實作 API 端點
• 測試 Eloquent 模型、關聯、範圍和作用域
• 為 Laravel 專案設定測試基礎架構
• 為 HTTP 控制器和表單請求編寫功能測試
• 模擬外部服務（佇列、郵件、通知、HTTP）

Laravel 的 TDD 工作流程

紅-綠-重構循環

// 步驟 1：紅色 — 編寫一個會失敗的測試
public function test_a_product_can_be_created(): void
{
    $product = Product::factory()->create(['name' => '測試產品']);
    $this->assertDatabaseHas('products', ['name' => '測試產品']);
}

// 步驟 2：綠色 — 編寫遷移、模型和工廠
// 步驟 3：重構 — 在保持測試綠燈的情況下進行改進

設定

PHPUnit 配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
         bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
         colors="true">
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="單元測試">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Unit</directory>
        </testsuite>
        <testsuite name="功能測試">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Feature</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <php>
        <env name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>
        <env name="BCRYPT_ROUNDS" value="4"/>
        <env name="CACHE_STORE" value="array"/>
        <env name="DB_CONNECTION" value="sqlite"/>
        <env name="DB_DATABASE" value=":memory:"/>
        <env name="MAIL_MAILER" value="array"/>
        <env name="QUEUE_CONNECTION" value="sync"/>
        <env name="SESSION_DRIVER" value="array"/>
    </php>
</phpunit>

基礎 TestCase 設定

namespace Tests;

use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\TestCase as BaseTestCase;

abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase
{
    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();
        // 僅在測試非 HTTP 例外時呼叫 $this->withoutExceptionHandling()；它會抑制 assertStatus() 等功能。
    }

    // 輔助方法：驗證並返回用戶
    protected function actingAsUser(): mixed
    {
        $user = \App\Models\User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);
        return $user;
    }

    protected function actingAsAdmin(): mixed
    {
        $admin = \App\Models\User::factory()->admin()->create();
        $this->actingAs($admin);
        return $admin;
    }
}

模型工廠

// database/factories/UserFactory.php
class UserFactory extends Factory
{
    protected static ?string $password = null;

    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->name(),
            'email' => fake()->unique()->safeEmail(),
            'email_verified_at' => now(),
            'password' => static::$password ??= Hash::make('password'),
            'remember_token' => Str::random(10),
            'role' => 'user',
        ];
    }

    public function admin(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['role' => 'admin']);
    }

    public function unverified(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['email_verified_at' => null]);
    }
}

// database/factories/ProductFactory.php
class ProductFactory extends Factory
{
    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->unique()->words(3, true),
            'slug' => fn (array $attrs) => Str::slug($attrs['name']),
            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
            'price' => fake()->numberBetween(100, 100000),
            'stock' => fake()->numberBetween(0, 100),
            'is_active' => true,
            'user_id' => UserFactory::new(),
        ];
    }

    public function outOfStock(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['stock' => 0]);
    }
}

使用工廠

$user = User::factory()->create();
$admin = User::factory()->admin()->create();
$product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);
$products = Product::factory()->count(10)->create();
$draft = Product::factory()->make(); // 不持久化

// 搭配關聯
$user = User::factory()->has(Product::factory()->count(3))->create();

// 序列
User::factory()->count(3)->sequence(
    ['role' => 'admin'], ['role' => 'editor'], ['role' => 'user'],
)->create();

模型測試

namespace Tests\Unit\Models;

use App\Models\User;
use App\Models\Product;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class UserTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_it_hides_sensitive_attributes(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('password', $user->toArray());
    }

    public function test_admin_scope_returns_only_admins(): void
    {
        User::factory()->admin()->create();
        User::factory()->count(3)->create();

        $this->assertCount(1, User::admin()->get());
    }
}

class ProductTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_active_scope_filters_correctly(): void
    {
        Product::factory()->count(3)->create(['is_active' => true]);
        Product::factory()->count(2)->create(['is_active' => false]);

        $this->assertCount(3, Product::active()->get());
    }

    public function test_it_belongs_to_a_user(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $this->assertTrue($product->user->is($user));
    }
}

功能 / HTTP 測試

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_guests_are_redirected_to_login(): void
    {
        $this->get(route('products.create'))->assertRedirect(route('login'));
    }

    public function test_it_stores_a_new_product(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);

        $response = $this->post(route('products.store'), [
            'name' => '新產品',
            'description' => '描述',
            'price' => 2999,
            'stock' => 10,
        ]);

        $response->assertRedirect(route('products.index'));
        $this->assertDatabaseHas('products', [
            'name' => '新產品',
            'user_id' => $user->id,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_it_validates_required_fields(): void
    {
        $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create());
        $this->post(route('products.store'), [])
            ->assertSessionHasErrors(['name', 'price']);
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_modify_others_products(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->delete(route('products.destroy', $product))
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

JSON API 測試

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductApiTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_unauthenticated_requests_are_rejected(): void
    {
        $this->getJson('/api/products')->assertUnauthorized();
    }

    public function test_it_lists_paginated_products(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        Product::factory()->count(5)->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->getJson('/api/products');

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonCount(5, 'data');
        $response->assertJsonStructure([
            'data' => [['id', 'name', 'price']],
            'meta' => ['current_page', 'last_page', 'total'],
        ]);
    }

    public function test_it_creates_a_product(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->postJson('/api/products', [
            'name' => 'API 產品',
            'price' => 4999,
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonPath('data.name', 'API 產品');
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_delete_others_products(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->deleteJson("/api/products/{$product->id}")
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

Sanctum API 驗證測試

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Tests\TestCase;

class AuthControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_users_can_register(): void
    {
        $response = $this->postJson('/api/register', [
            'name' => '測試用戶',
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Password123!',
            'password_confirmation' => 'Password123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['user', 'token']]);
    }

    public function test_users_can_login(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create([
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => Hash::make('Password123!'),
        ]);

        $response = $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Password123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['token']]);
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_login_with_wrong_password(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create(['email' => '[email protected]']);

        $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'wrong',
        ])->assertUnprocessable();
    }

    public function test_token_bearer_authenticates_requests(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $token = $user->createToken('test')->plainTextToken;

        $this->withToken($token)
            ->getJson('/api/user')
            ->assertOk()
            ->assertJsonPath('data.email', $user->email);
    }
}

模擬與 Fake

HTTP Fake

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

public function test_it_handles_successful_payment(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['id' => 'pi_123', 'status' => 'succeeded'], 200),
    ]);

    $result = (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
    $this->assertTrue($result->success);
}

public function test_it_handles_gateway_failure(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['error' => 'card_declined'], 402),
    ]);

    $this->expectException(PaymentFailedException::class);
    (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
}

public function test_it_retries_on_timeout(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::sequence()
            ->pushStatus(408)
            ->pushStatus(200),
    ]);

    $this->assertTrue((new PaymentService())->charge(2999)->success);
}

Mail Fake

Mail::fake();

$order->sendConfirmation();

Mail::assertSent(OrderConfirmation::class, function ($mail) use ($order) {
    return $mail->hasTo($order->user->email);
});

Notification Fake

Notification::fake();

$user->notify(new WelcomeUser());

Notification::assertSentTo($user, WelcomeUser::class);

Queue Fake

Queue::fake();

ProcessImage::dispatch($product);

Queue::assertPushed(ProcessImage::class, function ($job) use ($product) {
    return $job->product->id === $product->id;
});

Storage Fake

Storage::fake('public');

$file = UploadedFile::fake()->image('photo.jpg', 200, 200);

$response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/avatar', [
    'avatar' => $file,
]);

$response->assertSessionHasNoErrors();
Storage::disk('public')->assertExists('avatars/' . $file->hashName());

Event Fake

Event::fake();

$order->markAsShipped();

Event::assertDispatched(OrderShipped::class, function ($event) use ($order) {
    return $event->order->id === $order->id;
});

Artisan 命令測試

public function test_it_sends_newsletters(): void
{
    Mail::fake();
    User::factory()->count(5)->create(['subscribed' => true]);

    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('正在向 5 位訂閱者發送電子報...')
        ->assertExitCode(0);

    Mail::assertSent(NewsletterMail::class, 5);
}

public function test_it_handles_no_subscribers(): void
{
    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('未找到訂閱者。')
        ->assertExitCode(0);
}

授權測試

public function test_users_can_update_own_posts(): void
{
    $user = User::factory()->create();
    $post = Post::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

    $this->actingAs($user)
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => '已更新'])
        ->assertRedirect();
}

public function test_users_cannot_update_others_posts(): void
{
    $post = Post::factory()->create();
    $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create())
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => '已駭入'])
        ->assertForbidden();
}

public function test_admin_can_delete_any_post(): void
{
    $post = Post::factory()->create();
    $this->actingAs(User::factory()->admin()->create())
        ->delete(route('posts.destroy', $post))
        ->assertRedirect();
}

測試涵蓋率

# 透過 HTML 報告檢視測試涵蓋率
php artisan test --coverage

# 需要 PHPUnit 設定中的 Xdebug 或 PCOV
# 以及 phpunit/php-code-coverage

最佳實務

• 為每個資料表變更編寫遷移測試：建立一筆記錄，斷言它存在，並檢查資料類型。
• 使用 RefreshDatabase trait 在測試之間保持隔離。
• 偏愛 assertDatabaseHas 勝過 assertSee：測試會變得更快、更不易脆弱。
• 在功能測試中使用 withoutExceptionHandling() 來取得實際的例外，而不是 500 錯誤。
• 將工廠定義保持扁平，並避免過度巢狀化：盡可能使用 Sequence()。
• 遵循**「單一斷言、單一職責」**原則：每個測試方法應驗證一個行為。
• 優先使用 fake() 模擬（Mail、Queue、Notification）勝過完整的模擬框架。
• 從契約（Contract）開始進行 API 測試，然後擴充到案例。
• 將測試保持在與原始碼相同的命名空間結構下（例如 Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers）。