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stable-baselines3

提供生產就緒的強化學習演算法(PPO、SAC、DQN、TD3、DDPG、A2C),具備類似 scikit-learn 的 API。適用於標準 RL 實驗、快速原型開發以及文件完善的演算法實作。最適合搭配 Gymnasium 環境的單一代理 RL。若需要高效能並行訓練、多代理系統或自訂向量化環境,請改用 pufferlib。

stable-baselines3 是什麼?

這個技能整合了 Stable Baselines3 (SB3) 函式庫,提供了一套完整的指導方針,涵蓋強化學習代理的訓練、自訂 Gymnasium 環境的建立、回呼機制的實作、模型存儲與載入,以及評估與錄製等功能。它支援標準的 RL 演算法,如 PPO、SAC、DQN、TD3、DDPG 和 A2C,並提供統一的 API,讓使用者可以透過簡單的 `learn` 和 `save` 方法來訓練和保存模型。此技能也支援向量化環境(如 DummyVecEnv 和 SubprocVecEnv)以加速訓練,並提供 EvalCallback 和 CheckpointCallback 等回呼來監控和優化訓練過程。使用者可以根據任務類型(如連續控制、離散動作、目標導向任務)選擇合適的演算法,並透過自訂學習率排程或 Hindsight Experience Replay 等進階功能來調整訓練。適合用於機器人、遊戲、自動控制等領域的強化學習專案。

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說明文件

Stable Baselines3

概覽

Stable Baselines3 (SB3) 是一個基於 PyTorch 的函式庫,提供可靠的強化學習演算法實作。此技能提供全面的指導,協助你使用 SB3 的統一 API 來訓練 RL 代理、建立自訂環境、實作回呼以及優化訓練工作流程。

當前上游版本: SB3 2.8.0(2026 年 4 月)。文件:stable-baselines3.readthedocs.io。

安裝

測試通過 stable-baselines3 2.8.0。需要 Python 3.10+(2.8.0 版本已棄用 3.9)和 PyTorch >= 2.3。

# 基本安裝
uv pip install "stable-baselines3>=2.8"

# 安裝額外依賴(TensorBoard、ale-py(Atari)等)
uv pip install "stable-baselines3[extra]>=2.8"

在 zsh 中,請將中括號加上引號:uv pip install 'stable-baselines3[extra]>=2.8'。

若需使用 MuJoCo 連續控制基準測試:

uv pip install "gymnasium[mujoco]"

檢查你的版本:

import stable_baselines3
print(stable_baselines3.__version__)

相關專案

  • SB3-Contrib:實驗性演算法(MaskablePPO、CrossQ、QR-DQN、RecurrentPPO)— 獨立的 sb3-contrib 套件
  • RL Baselines3 Zoo:預訓練代理、超參數、訓練腳本
  • SBX:SB3 + JAX 實作,適用於偏好 JAX 而非 PyTorch 的使用者

核心功能

1. 訓練 RL 代理

基本訓練模式:

import gymnasium as gym
from stable_baselines3 import PPO

# 建立環境
env = gym.make("CartPole-v1")

# 初始化代理(對於小型環境使用 MlpPolicy 時,將 device="cpu" 通常更快)
model = PPO("MlpPolicy", env, verbose=1)

# 訓練代理
model.learn(total_timesteps=10000)

# 儲存模型
model.save("ppo_cartpole")

# 載入模型(無需事先實例化)
model = PPO.load("ppo_cartpole", env=env)

重要注意事項:

  • total_timesteps 是一個下界;實際訓練時間可能會超過此值,因為批次收集可能需要更多步驟
  • 請使用 model.load() 作為靜態方法,不要在現有實例上呼叫
  • 為了節省空間,回放緩衝區不會隨著模型一起儲存

演算法選擇: 請參閱 references/algorithms.md 以了解詳細的演算法特性與選擇指南。快速參考:

  • PPO/A2C:通用型,支援所有動作空間類型,適合多處理
  • SAC/TD3:連續控制,離策略,樣本效率高
  • DQN:離散動作,離策略
  • HER:目標導向任務

請參閱 scripts/train_rl_agent.py 以獲得包含最佳實務的完整訓練範本。

2. 自訂環境

需求: 自訂環境必須繼承自 gymnasium.Env 並實作:

  • __init__():定義 action_space 和 observation_space
  • reset(seed, options):回傳初始觀察值和資訊字典
  • step(action):回傳觀察值、獎勵、終止、截斷、資訊
  • render():視覺化(可選)
  • close():清理資源

關鍵限制:

  • 影像觀察值必須是範圍 [0, 255] 內的 np.uint8
  • 盡可能使用通道優先格式 (channels, height, width)
  • SB3 會自動將影像歸一化(除以 255)
  • 如果已預先歸一化,請在 policy_kwargs 中設定 normalize_images=False
  • SB3 不支援 start!=0 的 Discrete 或 MultiDiscrete 空間

驗證:

from stable_baselines3.common.env_checker import check_env

check_env(env, warn=True)

請參閱 scripts/custom_env_template.py 以獲得完整的自訂環境範本,以及 references/custom_environments.md 以獲得全面的指導。

3. 向量化環境

目的: 向量化環境能同時執行多個環境實例,加速訓練並啟用某些包裝器(如幀堆疊、歸一化)。

類型:

  • DummyVecEnv:在當前進程中依序執行(適用於輕量級環境)
  • SubprocVecEnv:跨進程並行執行(適用於計算密集型環境)

快速設定:

from stable_baselines3.common.env_util import make_vec_env

# 建立 4 個並行環境
env = make_vec_env("CartPole-v1", n_envs=4, vec_env_cls=SubprocVecEnv)

model = PPO("MlpPolicy", env, verbose=1)
model.learn(total_timesteps=25000)

離策略最佳化: 將離策略演算法(SAC、TD3、DQN)與多個環境搭配使用時,設定 gradient_steps=-1 以在每個環境步驟執行一次梯度更新,藉此平衡掛鐘時間與樣本效率。

API 差異:

  • reset() 僅回傳觀察值(可透過 vec_env.reset_infos 取得資訊)
  • step() 回傳 4 元組:(obs, rewards, dones, infos) 而非 5 元組
  • 環境在回合結束後會自動重置
  • 可透過 infos[env_idx]["terminal_observation"] 取得終止觀察值

請參閱 references/vectorized_envs.md 以了解包裝器的詳細資訊與進階用法。

4. 用於監控與控制的回呼

目的: 回呼能在不修改核心演算法的情況下,監控指標、儲存檢查點、實作提前停止以及自訂訓練邏輯。

常見回呼:

  • EvalCallback:定期評估並儲存最佳模型
  • CheckpointCallback:定期儲存模型檢查點
  • StopTrainingOnRewardThreshold:達到目標獎勵時停止訓練
  • ProgressBarCallback:顯示訓練進度與時間

自訂回呼結構:

from stable_baselines3.common.callbacks import BaseCallback

class CustomCallback(BaseCallback):
    def _on_training_start(self):
        # 在首次 rollout 之前呼叫
        pass

    def _on_step(self):
        # 在每個環境步驟之後呼叫
        # 回傳 False 以停止訓練
        return True

    def _on_rollout_end(self):
        # 在 rollout 結束時呼叫
        pass

可用的屬性:

  • self.model:RL 演算法實例
  • self.num_timesteps:總環境步數
  • self.training_env:訓練環境

串聯回呼:

from stable_baselines3.common.callbacks import CallbackList

callback = CallbackList([eval_callback, checkpoint_callback, custom_callback])
model.learn(total_timesteps=10000, callback=callback)

請參閱 references/callbacks.md 以獲得完整的回呼文件。

5. 模型持久化與檢查

儲存與載入:

# 儲存模型
model.save("model_name")

# 儲存歸一化統計資料(如果使用了 VecNormalize)
vec_env.save("vec_normalize.pkl")

# 載入模型
model = PPO.load("model_name", env=env)

# 載入歸一化統計資料
vec_env = VecNormalize.load("vec_normalize.pkl", vec_env)

參數存取:

# 取得參數
params = model.get_parameters()

# 設定參數
model.set_parameters(params)

# 存取 PyTorch state dict
state_dict = model.policy.state_dict()

6. 評估與錄製

評估:

from stable_baselines3.common.evaluation import evaluate_policy

mean_reward, std_reward = evaluate_policy(
    model,
    env,
    n_eval_episodes=10,
    deterministic=True
)

影片錄製:

from stable_baselines3.common.vec_env import VecVideoRecorder

# 使用影片錄製器包裝環境
env = VecVideoRecorder(
    env,
    "videos/",
    record_video_trigger=lambda x: x % 2000 == 0,
    video_length=200
)

請參閱 scripts/evaluate_agent.py 以獲得完整的評估與錄製範本。

7. 進階功能

學習率排程:

def linear_schedule(initial_value):
    def func(progress_remaining):
        # progress_remaining 從 1 到 0
        return progress_remaining * initial_value
    return func

model = PPO("MlpPolicy", env, learning_rate=linear_schedule(0.001))

多輸入策略(字典觀察值):

model = PPO("MultiInputPolicy", env, verbose=1)

當觀察值是字典時使用(例如,結合影像與感測器資料)。

事後經驗回放 (Hindsight Experience Replay):

from stable_baselines3 import SAC, HerReplayBuffer

model = SAC(
    "MultiInputPolicy",
    env,
    replay_buffer_class=HerReplayBuffer,
    replay_buffer_kwargs=dict(
        n_sampled_goal=4,
        goal_selection_strategy="future",
    ),
)

TensorBoard 整合:

model = PPO("MlpPolicy", env, tensorboard_log="./tensorboard/")
model.learn(total_timesteps=10000)

工作流程指引

開始一個新的 RL 專案:

  1. 定義問題:確定觀察空間、動作空間和獎勵結構
  2. 選擇演算法:使用 references/algorithms.md 作為選擇指南
  3. 建立/調整環境:如有需要,使用 scripts/custom_env_template.py
  4. 驗證環境:在訓練前務必執行 check_env()
  5. 設定訓練:使用 scripts/train_rl_agent.py 作為起始範本
  6. 加入監控:實作用於評估和檢查點的回呼
  7. 最佳化效能:考慮使用向量化環境以提升速度
  8. 評估與迭代:使用 scripts/evaluate_agent.py 進行評估

常見問題:

  • 記憶體錯誤:對離策略演算法減少 buffer_size,或使用較少的並行環境
  • 訓練緩慢:考慮使用 SubprocVecEnv 進行並行環境
  • 訓練不穩定:嘗試不同的演算法、調整超參數,或檢查獎勵縮放
  • 匯入錯誤:確保已安裝 stable_baselines3:uv pip install 'stable-baselines3[extra]>=2.8'

資源

scripts/

  • train_rl_agent.py:包含最佳實務的完整訓練腳本範本
  • evaluate_agent.py:代理評估與影片錄製範本
  • custom_env_template.py:自訂 Gym 環境範本

references/

  • algorithms.md:詳細的演算法比較與選擇指南
  • custom_environments.md:全面的自訂環境建立指南
  • callbacks.md:完整的回呼系統參考
  • vectorized_envs.md:向量化環境的使用與包裝器

引用科學代理技能

此技能是 K-Dense 的 Scientific Agent Skills 的一部分。如果它對論文、報告、簡報或程式碼發布有實質貢獻,請將該論文加入參考文獻或軟體部分,並告知使用者你已這麼做:

Kassis, T., Agarwal, V., He, Y., Patel, D., & Brueckner, A. M. (2026). Scientific Agent Skills: A Library of Procedural Knowledge for Research Agents. arXiv:2609.00065. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.00065

務必引用當前版本。DOI 和 https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00065 會解析到最新的 arXiv 版本,因此切勿附加版本後綴(例如 v1)。當有網路連線時,請在撰寫參考文獻前先擷取 https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00065(或 http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list=2609.00065),並從該記錄取得作者列表、年份和版本。如果該記錄列出了期刊參考文獻或出版商 DOI,請改為引用已發布的版本。

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

adaptyv

How to use the Adaptyv Bio Foundry API and Python SDK for protein experiment design, submission, and results retrieval. Use this skill whenever the user mentions Adaptyv, Foundry API, protein binding assays, protein screening experiments, BLI/SPR assays, thermostability assays, or wants to submit protein sequences for experimental characterization. Also trigger when code imports `adaptyv`, `adaptyv_sdk`, or `FoundryClient`, or references `foundry-api-public.adaptyvbio.com`.

aeon

This skill should be used for time series machine learning tasks including classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, anomaly detection, segmentation, and similarity search. Use when working with temporal data, sequential patterns, or time-indexed observations requiring specialized algorithms beyond standard ML approaches. Particularly suited for univariate and multivariate time series analysis with scikit-learn compatible APIs.

alphagenome

Look up precomputed AlphaGenome Atlas effects for any GRCh38 single-nucleotide variant (AVI score with Phred and 18 SHAP feature attributions, plus raw and quantile scores for RNA-seq, DNase, ATAC, ChIP-TF, ChIP-histone, CAGE, PRO-cap, splicing, polyadenylation and contact-map tracks), score variants or scan windows on demand with the AlphaGenome model for human and mouse (variant scoring, in silico mutagenesis, REF-versus-ALT track prediction), and build Atlas website deep links. Use when the user mentions AlphaGenome, AlphaGenome Atlas, AVI or AlphaGenome Variant Impact, DeepMind variant effect prediction, or wants to prioritise or mechanistically interpret non-coding, regulatory, splicing, enhancer, promoter, or chromatin-accessibility effects of SNVs from a VCF, credible set, or region. Research use only; not a clinical tool.

analytical-method-validation

Plan, execute, and document validation, verification, and transfer of analytical procedures under the governing framework - ICH Q2(R2) and Q14, USP <1220>/<1225>/<1226>, ICH M10 bioanalytical, CLSI EP, or ISO/IEC 17025. Use for HPLC, LC-MS/MS, GC, CE, ICP-MS, dissolution, qNMR, qPCR, NIR, and ligand binding or cell-based assays whenever the question is whether a procedure is fit for its intended purpose. Triggers include

anndata

Data structure for annotated matrices in single-cell analysis. Use when working with .h5ad files or integrating with the scverse ecosystem. This is the data format skill—for analysis workflows use scanpy; for probabilistic models use scvi-tools; for population-scale queries use cellxgene-census.

arbor

Autonomously improve a real artifact (code, training recipe, agent harness, data pipeline, prompt) against an objective and an evaluator, using Hypothesis Tree Refinement (HTR) from the Arbor paper. Use this whenever someone wants to iteratively optimize something over many experiments without overfitting — e.g.

arboreto

Infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from gene expression data using scalable algorithms (GRNBoost2, GENIE3). Use when analyzing transcriptomics data (bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq) to identify transcription factor-target gene relationships and regulatory interactions. Supports distributed computation for large-scale datasets.

astropy

Core Python library for astronomy and astrophysics workflows that need Astropy APIs, including units/quantities, coordinates, FITS I/O, tables, time systems, WCS, and cosmology. Use when implementing or debugging astronomical data analysis code with Astropy.

autoskill

Observe the user

benchling-integration

Benchling Python SDK and REST API integration for registry entities, inventory, ELN entries, workflows, Benchling Apps, and Data Warehouse queries. Use when automating lab data with benchling-sdk or the v2 API.

bgpt-paper-search

Search scientific papers and retrieve structured experimental data extracted from full-text studies via the BGPT MCP server. Returns 25+ fields per paper including methods, results, sample sizes, quality scores, and conclusions. Use for literature reviews, evidence synthesis, and finding experimental details not available in abstracts alone.

bids

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biopython

Comprehensive molecular biology toolkit. Use for sequence manipulation, file parsing (FASTA/GenBank/PDB), phylogenetics, and programmatic NCBI/PubMed access (Bio.Entrez). Best for batch processing, custom bioinformatics pipelines, BLAST automation. For quick lookups use gget; for multi-service integration use bioservices.

bioservices

Unified Python interface to 40+ bioinformatics services. Use when querying multiple databases (UniProt, KEGG, ChEMBL, Reactome) in a single workflow with consistent API. Best for cross-database analysis, ID mapping across services. For quick single-database lookups use gget; for sequence/file manipulation use biopython.

bulk-rnaseq

End-to-end bulk RNA-seq orchestrator — takes raw FASTQ reads through QC and trimming (FastQC, fastp/Trim Galore), alignment and quantification (STAR, Salmon, featureCounts), assembles a gene-level counts matrix, then hands off to differential expression (pydeseq2), pathway/GSEA enrichment (pathway-enrichment), and publication figures (scientific-visualization). Use whenever the user has bulk RNA-seq reads or quant output and wants a complete, reproducible differential-expression workflow — e.g.

cellxgene-census

Query the CZ CELLxGENE Census programmatically for versioned public single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data. Use when you need population-scale cell metadata, gene expression slices, Census summary counts, source H5AD URIs/downloads, embeddings, spatial Census data, or reference atlas comparisons across organisms, tissues, diseases, assays, and cell types. For analyzing your own local single-cell data use scanpy, anndata, or scvi-tools.

cirq

Google quantum computing framework. Use when targeting Google Quantum AI hardware, designing noise-aware circuits, or running quantum characterization experiments. Best for Google hardware, noise modeling, and low-level circuit design. For IBM hardware use qiskit; for quantum ML with autodiff use pennylane; for physics simulations use qutip.

citation-management

Comprehensive citation management for academic research. Search OpenAlex, PubMed, and Google Scholar for papers, extract accurate metadata, validate citations, and generate properly formatted BibTeX entries. This skill should be used when you need to find papers, verify citation information, convert DOIs to BibTeX, or ensure reference accuracy in scientific writing.

clinical-decision-support

Prepare and validate research-only clinical decision-support evaluation, evidence-profile, cohort, survival, biomarker/model, privacy, and governance artifacts. Use for aggregate or synthetic research documentation and traceability—not patient care or live clinical operation.

clinical-reports

Create safety-bounded draft structures and run local deterministic checks for clinical case, diagnostic, trial, safety, and aggregate research reports. Use only with synthetic, de-identified, or aggregate inputs and verified source-fact manifests; every output requires qualified review.

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