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jpa-patterns (Padrões JPA/Hibernate)

Padrões JPA/Hibernate para design de entidades, relacionamentos, otimização de consultas, transações, auditoria, indexação, paginação e pool de conexões no Spring Boot.

O que é Hibernate)?

Este skill fornece diretrizes e exemplos práticos para o uso eficaz de JPA e Hibernate em aplicações Spring Boot. Ele cobre desde o design de entidades e mapeamento de tabelas até a prevenção do problema N+1, otimização de consultas com JOIN FETCH e projeções DTO, configuração de transações com @Transactional, paginação e ordenação, indexação de colunas frequentes, e ajuste do pool de conexões HikariCP. É um guia de referência rápida para desenvolvedores que precisam implementar persistência de dados performática e evitar armadilhas comuns como carregamento ansioso, consultas ineficientes e transações longas. Suporta qualquer projeto Spring Boot com JPA/Hibernate, sendo útil tanto para novos desenvolvimentos quanto para refatoração de código legado.

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Documentação

Padrões JPA/Hibernate

Use para modelagem de dados, repositórios e ajuste de desempenho no Spring Boot.

Quando Ativar

  • Projetando entidades JPA e mapeamentos de tabelas
  • Definindo relacionamentos (@OneToMany, @ManyToOne, @ManyToMany)
  • Otimizando consultas (prevenção N+1, estratégias de fetch, projeções)
  • Configurando transações, auditoria ou exclusões lógicas (soft deletes)
  • Configurando paginação, ordenação ou métodos de repositório personalizados
  • Ajustando pool de conexões (HikariCP) ou cache de segundo nível

Design de Entidades

@Entity
@Table(name = "markets", indexes = {
  @Index(name = "idx_markets_slug", columnList = "slug", unique = true)
})
@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class MarketEntity {
  @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
  private Long id;

  @Column(nullable = false, length = 200)
  private String name;

  @Column(nullable = false, unique = true, length = 120)
  private String slug;

  @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
  private MarketStatus status = MarketStatus.ACTIVE;

  @CreatedDate private Instant createdAt;
  @LastModifiedDate private Instant updatedAt;
}

Habilitar auditoria:

@Configuration
@EnableJpaAuditing
class JpaConfig {}

Relacionamentos e Prevenção N+1

@OneToMany(mappedBy = "market", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
private List<PositionEntity> positions = new ArrayList<>();
  • Use carregamento preguiçoso (lazy loading) por padrão; utilize JOIN FETCH nas consultas quando necessário
  • Evite EAGER em coleções; use projeções DTO para caminhos de leitura
@Query("select m from MarketEntity m left join fetch m.positions where m.id = :id")
Optional<MarketEntity> findWithPositions(@Param("id") Long id);

Padrões de Repositório

public interface MarketRepository extends JpaRepository<MarketEntity, Long> {
  Optional<MarketEntity> findBySlug(String slug);

  @Query("select m from MarketEntity m where m.status = :status")
  Page<MarketEntity> findByStatus(@Param("status") MarketStatus status, Pageable pageable);
}
  • Use projeções para consultas leves:
public interface MarketSummary {
  Long getId();
  String getName();
  MarketStatus getStatus();
}
Page<MarketSummary> findAllBy(Pageable pageable);

Transações

  • Anote métodos de serviço com @Transactional
  • Use @Transactional(readOnly = true) para caminhos de leitura a fim de otimizar
  • Escolha a propagação com cuidado; evite transações de longa duração
@Transactional
public Market updateStatus(Long id, MarketStatus status) {
  MarketEntity entity = repo.findById(id)
      .orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("Market"));
  entity.setStatus(status);
  return Market.from(entity);
}

Paginação

PageRequest page = PageRequest.of(pageNumber, pageSize, Sort.by("createdAt").descending());
Page<MarketEntity> markets = repo.findByStatus(MarketStatus.ACTIVE, page);

Para paginação estilo cursor, inclua id > :lastId no JPQL com ordenação.

Indexação e Desempenho

  • Adicione índices para filtros comuns (status, slug, chaves estrangeiras)
  • Use índices compostos que correspondam aos padrões de consulta (status, created_at)
  • Evite select *; projete apenas as colunas necessárias
  • Realize escritas em lote com saveAll e hibernate.jdbc.batch_size

Pool de Conexões (HikariCP)

Propriedades recomendadas:

spring.datasource.hikari.maximum-pool-size=20
spring.datasource.hikari.minimum-idle=5
spring.datasource.hikari.connection-timeout=30000
spring.datasource.hikari.validation-timeout=5000

Para manipulação de LOB no PostgreSQL, adicione:

spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.lob.non_contextual_creation=true

Cache

  • O cache de primeiro nível é por EntityManager; evite manter entidades entre transações
  • Para entidades com muitas leituras, considere o cache de segundo nível com cuidado; valide a estratégia de evicção

Migrações

  • Use Flyway ou Liquibase; nunca dependa do DDL automático do Hibernate em produção
  • Mantenha as migrações idempotentes e aditivas; evite excluir colunas sem um plano

Testando Acesso a Dados

  • Prefira @DataJpaTest com Testcontainers para espelhar a produção
  • Verifique a eficiência do SQL usando logs: defina logging.level.org.hibernate.SQL=DEBUG e logging.level.org.hibernate.orm.jdbc.bind=TRACE para valores dos parâmetros

Lembre-se: Mantenha as entidades enxutas, as consultas intencionais e as transações curtas. Previna o N+1 com estratégias de fetch e projeções, e indexe para seus caminhos de leitura/escrita.

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

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affaan-m/everything-claude-code

End-to-end marketing campaign planning and execution. Covers audience research, positioning, campaign angle definition, landing page copy, email sequences, social posts, ad copy, short-form video scripts, and content calendars. Use as the orchestration layer for multi-channel product launches. Use when planning or executing a multi-channel product launch, or producing landing page, email, social, or ad copy.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code-conventions

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affaan-m/frontend-design

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affaan-m/gget

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affaan-m/literature-review

Systematic literature-review workflow for academic, biomedical, technical, and scientific topics, including search planning, source screening, synthesis, citation checks, and evidence logging.

affaan-m/motion-ui

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affaan-m/project-guidelines-example

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affaan-m/pubmed-database

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affaan-m/scholar-evaluation

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agent-eval

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agent-harness-construction

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agentic-engineering

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agentic-os

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agent-introspection-debugging

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agent-payment-x402

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