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pubmed-database

直接使用 PubMed 和 NCBI E-utilities 進行生物醫學文獻搜尋、MeSH 查詢、PMID 查找、引文檢索及 API 驅動的文獻監控。當任務需要來自 PubMed 的生物醫學文獻,而非一般網路搜尋時使用。

pubmed-database 是什麼?

此技能專為需要存取 PubMed 生物醫學資料庫的 AI Agent 設計,可直接利用 NCBI E-utilities API 執行進階文獻搜尋、查詢 MeSH 術語、檢索 PMID 及引用資訊。支援從簡單關鍵字到複雜布林邏輯查詢,並提供 MeSH 子標題、出版類型、日期範圍、語言等多種過濾器,以精確鎖定相關文獻。技能詳細說明了如何使用 esearch、esummary、efetch 和 elink 等 E-utilities 工具構建可重複的 API 工作流程,並提供 Python 範例程式碼展示如何安全地使用 API 金鑰、處理回應及遵守速率限制。這使得自動化系統性文獻回顧、生物醫學文獻監控或大規模引文分析變得簡單、可靠且可重現。

相容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/everything-claude-code/tree/main/skills/scientific-db-pubmed-database

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說明文件

PubMed 資料庫

當任務需要來自 PubMed 的生物醫學文獻,而非一般網路搜尋時,請使用此技能。

使用時機

  • 搜尋 MEDLINE 或生命科學文獻。
  • 使用 MeSH 詞彙、欄位標籤、日期或文章類型建構 PubMed 查詢。
  • 查詢 PMID、摘要、出版元數據或相關引用。
  • 執行需要可重複搜尋字串的系統性文獻回顧搜尋。
  • 直接從 Python、shell 或其他 HTTP 客戶端使用 NCBI E-utilities。

查詢建構

從研究問題開始,將其拆解為概念,然後使用布林運算子組合概念。

concept_1 AND concept_2 AND filter
synonym_a OR synonym_b
NOT exclusion_term

實用的 PubMed 欄位標籤:

  • [ti]:標題
  • [ab]:摘要
  • [tiab]:標題或摘要
  • [au]:作者
  • [ta]:期刊標題縮寫
  • [mh]:MeSH 詞彙
  • [majr]:主要 MeSH 主題
  • [pt]:出版類型
  • [dp]:出版日期
  • [la]:語言

範例:

diabetes mellitus[mh] AND treatment[tiab] AND systematic review[pt] AND 2023:2026[dp]
(metformin[nm] OR insulin[nm]) AND diabetes mellitus, type 2[mh] AND randomized controlled trial[pt]
smith ja[au] AND cancer[tiab] AND 2026[dp] AND english[la]

MeSH 與子標題

當概念具有穩定的控制詞彙時,優先使用 MeSH。若主題較新或術語不一致,則將 MeSH 與標題/摘要詞彙結合使用。

正確的子標題語法需將子標題置於欄位標籤之前:

diabetes mellitus, type 2/drug therapy[mh]
cardiovascular diseases/prevention & control[mh]

僅在主題必須為論文核心時使用 [majr]。它可提高精確度,但可能遺漏相關文獻。

過濾器

出版類型:

  • clinical trial[pt]
  • meta-analysis[pt]
  • randomized controlled trial[pt]
  • review[pt]
  • systematic review[pt]
  • guideline[pt]

日期過濾器:

2026[dp]
2020:2026[dp]
2026/03/15[dp]

可用性過濾器:

free full text[sb]
hasabstract[text]

E-utilities 工作流程

NCBI E-utilities 支援可重複的 API 工作流程:

  1. esearch.fcgi:搜尋並回傳 PMID。
  2. esummary.fcgi:回傳輕量級文章元數據。
  3. efetch.fcgi:以 XML、MEDLINE 或純文字格式擷取摘要或完整記錄。
  4. elink.fcgi:尋找相關文章及連結資源。

對於正式腳本,請使用電子郵件和 API 金鑰。API 金鑰應儲存在環境變數中,切勿儲存在已提交的檔案或命令歷史記錄中。

import os
import time
import requests

BASE = "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils"


def esearch(query: str, retmax: int = 20) -> list[str]:
    params = {
        "db": "pubmed",
        "term": query,
        "retmode": "json",
        "retmax": retmax,
        "tool": "ecc-pubmed-search",
        "email": os.environ.get("NCBI_EMAIL", ""),
    }
    api_key = os.environ.get("NCBI_API_KEY")
    if api_key:
        params["api_key"] = api_key

    response = requests.get(f"{BASE}/esearch.fcgi", params=params, timeout=30)
    response.raise_for_status()
    time.sleep(0.35)
    return response.json()["esearchresult"]["idlist"]


pmids = esearch("hypertension[mh] AND randomized controlled trial[pt] AND 2024:2026[dp]")
print(pmids)

對於批次處理,建議使用 NCBI 歷史伺服器參數(usehistory=y、WebEnv、query_key),而非透過 URL 傳遞非常長的 PMID 清單。

輸出規範

每次搜尋後,請記錄:

  • 確切的搜尋字串
  • 搜尋的資料庫
  • 搜尋日期
  • 使用的過濾器
  • 結果數量
  • 匯出格式
  • 任何手動排除項目

範例:

| 資料庫 | 搜尋日期 | 查詢 | 過濾器 | 結果 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: |
| PubMed | 2026-05-11 | `sickle cell disease[mh] AND CRISPR[tiab]` | 2020:2026[dp], English | 42 |

審查清單

  • 欄位標籤是否為有效的 PubMed 標籤?
  • MeSH 詞彙是否針對較新的主題配對了自由文字同義詞?
  • 日期範圍是否明確且適當?
  • 搜尋日誌是否包含足夠的細節以重現查詢?
  • API 金鑰是否從環境中載入?
  • HTTP 程式碼是否在解析前呼叫 raise_for_status() 或以其他方式處理非 200 的回應?
  • 是否遵守速率限制?

參考資料

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/claude-api

Anthropic Claude API patterns for Python and TypeScript. Covers Messages API, streaming, tool use, vision, extended thinking, batches, prompt caching, and Claude Agent SDK. Use when building applications with the Claude API or Anthropic SDKs.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

End-to-end marketing campaign planning and execution. Covers audience research, positioning, campaign angle definition, landing page copy, email sequences, social posts, ad copy, short-form video scripts, and content calendars. Use as the orchestration layer for multi-channel product launches. Use when planning or executing a multi-channel product launch, or producing landing page, email, social, or ad copy.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code-conventions

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/frontend-design

Create distinctive, production-grade frontend interfaces with high design quality. Use when the user asks to build web components, pages, or applications and the visual direction matters as much as the code quality.

affaan-m/gget

gget CLI and Python workflow for quick genomic database queries, sequence lookup, BLAST-style searches, enrichment checks, and reproducible bioinformatics evidence logs.

affaan-m/literature-review

Systematic literature-review workflow for academic, biomedical, technical, and scientific topics, including search planning, source screening, synthesis, citation checks, and evidence logging.

affaan-m/motion-ui

Production-ready UI motion system for React/Next.js. Use when implementing animations, transitions, or motion patterns.

affaan-m/project-guidelines-example

Example project-specific skill template based on a real production application.

affaan-m/pubmed-database

Direct PubMed and NCBI E-utilities search workflows for biomedical literature, MeSH queries, PMID lookup, citation retrieval, and API-backed literature monitoring.

affaan-m/scholar-evaluation

Structured scholarly-work evaluation for papers, proposals, literature reviews, methods sections, evidence quality, citation support, and research-writing feedback.

affaan-m/uspto-database

USPTO patent and trademark data workflow for official record lookup, PatentSearch queries, TSDR checks, assignment data, and reproducible IP research logs.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

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