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postgres-patterns

PostgreSQL 資料庫模式,涵蓋查詢優化、結構設計、索引及安全性。基於 Supabase 最佳實務。在設計 PostgreSQL 結構、索引或 RLS 政策,或遇到查詢速度過慢時使用。

postgres-patterns 是什麼?

此技能提供 PostgreSQL 資料庫的最佳實務快速參考,專為開發者與 AI 代理在設計、優化或除錯資料庫時使用。技能涵蓋索引建立(B-tree、GIN、BRIN、複合索引)、資料型別選擇、RLS(Row Level Security)政策撰寫、UPSERT 操作、基於游標的分頁、佇列處理等常見模式,並包含反模式檢測(如非索引外部鍵、慢查詢識別、資料表膨脹檢查)與基礎配置範本。支援任何 PostgreSQL 相容平台(如 Supabase、自管 PostgreSQL),適合在撰寫 SQL 查詢、遷移腳本或調整結構時激活,協助提升查詢效能。

相容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI✓Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/ECC/tree/main/skills/postgres-patterns

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開啟一個已預先載入此 Agent Skill 的新對話。

說明文件

PostgreSQL 模式

PostgreSQL 最佳實務快速參考。如需詳細指引,請使用 database-reviewer 代理。

啟用時機

  • 撰寫 SQL 查詢或遷移腳本
  • 設計資料庫結構
  • 除錯慢查詢
  • 實作資料列級安全性
  • 設定連線池

快速參考

索引速查表

查詢模式索引類型範例
WHERE col = valueB-tree(預設)CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE col > valueB-treeCREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE a = x AND b > y複合索引CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)
WHERE jsonb @> '{}'GINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
WHERE tsv @@ queryGINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
時間序列範圍BRINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)

資料型別速查表

用途正確型別避免使用
IDbigintint、隨機 UUID
字串textvarchar(255)
時間戳timestamptztimestamp
金額numeric(10,2)float
旗標booleanvarchar、int

常見模式

複合索引順序:

-- 先等值欄位,再範圍欄位
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 適用於:WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'

涵蓋索引:

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免查表取得 SELECT email, name, created_at 的資料

部分索引:

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 較小的索引,只包含活躍使用者

RLS 政策(優化版):

CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
  USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id);  -- 使用 SELECT 包裝!

UPSERT:

INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;

游標分頁:

SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 比 OFFSET 的 O(n) 更好

佇列處理:

UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
  SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
  ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;

反模式檢測

-- 尋找未建立索引的外部鍵
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
    WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
  );

-- 尋找慢查詢
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;

-- 檢查資料表膨脹
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;

配置範本

-- 連線限制(依 RAM 調整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';

-- 逾時設定
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';

-- 監控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;

-- 安全性預設
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;

SELECT pg_reload_conf();

相關

  • 代理:database-reviewer - 完整資料庫審查工作流程
  • 技能:clickhouse-io - ClickHouse 分析模式
  • 技能:backend-patterns - API 與後端模式

基於 Supabase 代理技能(感謝 Supabase 團隊)(MIT 授權)

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/content-engine

Create platform-native content systems for X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, newsletters, and repurposed multi-platform campaigns. Use when the user wants social posts, threads, scripts, content calendars, or one source asset adapted cleanly across platforms.

affaan-m/ECC

Multi-platform content distribution across X, LinkedIn, Threads, and Bluesky. Adapts content per platform using content-engine patterns. Never posts identical content cross-platform. Use when the user wants to distribute content across social platforms.

affaan-m/fal-ai-media

Unified media generation via fal.ai MCP — image, video, and audio. Covers text-to-image (Nano Banana), text/image-to-video (Seedance, Kling, Veo 3), text-to-speech (CSM-1B), and video-to-audio (ThinkSound). Use when the user wants to generate images, videos, or audio with AI.

affaan-m/manim-video

日本語翻訳:このファイルは manim-video 用の日本語翻訳が必要です

affaan-m/remotion-video-creation

Remotion のベストプラクティス - React で動画を作成する。3D、アニメーション、音声、字幕、チャート、トランジションなどをカバーするドメイン固有の29のルール。

affaan-m/video-editing

AI-assisted video editing workflows for cutting, structuring, and augmenting real footage. Covers the full pipeline from raw capture through FFmpeg, Remotion, ElevenLabs, fal.ai, and final polish in Descript or CapCut. Use when the user wants to edit video, cut footage, create vlogs, or build video content.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

agent-self-evaluation

Use after completing any non-trivial task. The agent self-rates its output on 5 axes — accuracy, completeness, clarity, actionability, conciseness — with concrete evidence per criterion. Produces a structured 1-5 scorecard with specific improvement suggestions.

agent-sort

Build an evidence-backed ECC install plan for a specific repo by sorting skills, commands, rules, hooks, and extras into DAILY vs LIBRARY buckets using parallel repo-aware review passes. Use when ECC should be trimmed to what a project actually needs instead of loading the full bundle.

ai-first-engineering

Engineering operating model for teams where AI agents generate a large share of implementation output. Use when setting team process, review gates, or ownership rules for a codebase largely written by agents.

ai-regression-testing

Regression testing strategies for AI-assisted development. Sandbox-mode API testing without database dependencies, automated bug-check workflows, and patterns to catch AI blind spots where the same model writes and reviews code. Use when adding regression coverage to AI-assisted code, or when the same model both wrote and reviewed a change.

android-clean-architecture

Clean Architecture patterns for Android and Kotlin Multiplatform projects — module structure, dependency rules, UseCases, Repositories, and data layer patterns. Use when structuring modules, layers, or data flow in an Android or KMP project.

angular-developer

Generates Angular code and provides architectural guidance. Trigger when creating projects, components, or services, or for best practices on reactivity (signals, linkedSignal, resource), forms, dependency injection, routing, SSR, accessibility (ARIA), animations, styling (component styles, Tailwind CSS), testing, or CLI tooling.

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