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PostgreSQL 模式指南

基于 Supabase 最佳实践的 PostgreSQL 数据库模式指南,涵盖查询优化、模式设计、索引和安全。适用于 PostgreSQL 模式设计、索引或 RLS 策略,以及查询性能调优。

PostgreSQL 模式指南 是什么?

此技能面向 PostgreSQL 开发者和 DBA,提供基于 Supabase 最佳实践的 SQL 优化与安全参考。它涵盖索引选择(如 B-tree、GIN、BRIN)、数据类型推荐(如 bigint、text、timestamptz)、以及常用模式如复合索引、覆盖索引、部分索引、RLS 策略优化、UPSERT、游标分页和队列处理。同时包含反模式检测(如未索引外键、慢查询)和配置模板(连接池、超时、监控)。支持在编写 SQL 查询、迁移、模式设计、慢查询排查、行级安全实施和连接池设置时激活。

兼容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI✓Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/ECC/tree/main/skills/postgres-patterns

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文档

PostgreSQL 模式指南 是做什么的?

PostgreSQL 最佳实践快速参考。如需详细指导,请使用 database-reviewer 智能体。

何时激活

  • 编写 SQL 查询或迁移
  • 设计数据库模式
  • 排查慢查询
  • 实施行级安全
  • 设置连接池

快速参考

索引速查表

查询模式索引类型示例
WHERE col = valueB-tree(默认)CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE col > valueB-treeCREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE a = x AND b > y复合索引CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)
WHERE jsonb @> '{}'GINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
WHERE tsv @@ queryGINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
时间序列范围BRINCREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)

数据类型速查表

用例正确类型避免
IDbigintint、随机 UUID
字符串textvarchar(255)
时间戳timestamptztimestamp
货币numeric(10,2)float
标志booleanvarchar、int

常见模式

复合索引顺序:

-- 等值列在前,范围列在后
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 适用于:WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'

覆盖索引:

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免表查找:SELECT email, name, created_at

部分索引:

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 索引更小,仅包含活跃用户

RLS 策略(优化版):

CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
  USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id);  -- 包裹在 SELECT 中!

UPSERT:

INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;

游标分页:

SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 时间复杂度 vs OFFSET 的 O(n)

队列处理:

UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
  SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
  ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;

反模式检测

-- 查找未索引的外键
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
    WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
  );

-- 查找慢查询
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;

-- 检查表膨胀
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;

配置模板

-- 连接限制(根据 RAM 调整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';

-- 超时设置
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';

-- 监控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;

-- 安全默认值
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;

SELECT pg_reload_conf();

相关资源

  • 智能体:database-reviewer - 完整数据库审查工作流
  • 技能:clickhouse-io - ClickHouse 分析模式
  • 技能:backend-patterns - API 和后端模式

基于 Supabase Agent Skills(致谢:Supabase 团队)(MIT 许可证)

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/content-engine

Create platform-native content systems for X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, newsletters, and repurposed multi-platform campaigns. Use when the user wants social posts, threads, scripts, content calendars, or one source asset adapted cleanly across platforms.

affaan-m/ECC

Multi-platform content distribution across X, LinkedIn, Threads, and Bluesky. Adapts content per platform using content-engine patterns. Never posts identical content cross-platform. Use when the user wants to distribute content across social platforms.

affaan-m/fal-ai-media

Unified media generation via fal.ai MCP — image, video, and audio. Covers text-to-image (Nano Banana), text/image-to-video (Seedance, Kling, Veo 3), text-to-speech (CSM-1B), and video-to-audio (ThinkSound). Use when the user wants to generate images, videos, or audio with AI.

affaan-m/manim-video

日本語翻訳:このファイルは manim-video 用の日本語翻訳が必要です

affaan-m/remotion-video-creation

Remotion のベストプラクティス - React で動画を作成する。3D、アニメーション、音声、字幕、チャート、トランジションなどをカバーするドメイン固有の29のルール。

affaan-m/video-editing

AI-assisted video editing workflows for cutting, structuring, and augmenting real footage. Covers the full pipeline from raw capture through FFmpeg, Remotion, ElevenLabs, fal.ai, and final polish in Descript or CapCut. Use when the user wants to edit video, cut footage, create vlogs, or build video content.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

agent-self-evaluation

Use after completing any non-trivial task. The agent self-rates its output on 5 axes — accuracy, completeness, clarity, actionability, conciseness — with concrete evidence per criterion. Produces a structured 1-5 scorecard with specific improvement suggestions.

agent-sort

Build an evidence-backed ECC install plan for a specific repo by sorting skills, commands, rules, hooks, and extras into DAILY vs LIBRARY buckets using parallel repo-aware review passes. Use when ECC should be trimmed to what a project actually needs instead of loading the full bundle.

ai-first-engineering

Engineering operating model for teams where AI agents generate a large share of implementation output. Use when setting team process, review gates, or ownership rules for a codebase largely written by agents.

ai-regression-testing

Regression testing strategies for AI-assisted development. Sandbox-mode API testing without database dependencies, automated bug-check workflows, and patterns to catch AI blind spots where the same model writes and reviews code. Use when adding regression coverage to AI-assisted code, or when the same model both wrote and reviewed a change.

android-clean-architecture

Clean Architecture patterns for Android and Kotlin Multiplatform projects — module structure, dependency rules, UseCases, Repositories, and data layer patterns. Use when structuring modules, layers, or data flow in an Android or KMP project.

angular-developer

Generates Angular code and provides architectural guidance. Trigger when creating projects, components, or services, or for best practices on reactivity (signals, linkedSignal, resource), forms, dependency injection, routing, SSR, accessibility (ARIA), animations, styling (component styles, Tailwind CSS), testing, or CLI tooling.

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