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Kotlin 開發模式

慣用的 Kotlin 模式、最佳實踐與慣例,用於建構穩健、高效且可維護的 Kotlin 應用程式,涵蓋協程、空安全及 DSL 建構器。在撰寫或審查 Kotlin 程式碼,且涉及慣用結構或空安全問題時使用。

Kotlin 開發模式 是什麼?

此技能專注於 Kotlin 開發的核心慣例與最佳實踐,涵蓋七大關鍵領域:透過型別系統與安全呼叫運算子實現的空安全性、使用 `val` 和資料類別的 `copy()` 確保不可變性、透過密封類別與介面建立詳盡的型別層級、利用協程與 `Flow` 實現結構化並行、使用擴充函數在不繼承的情況下添加行為、透過 `@DslMarker` 與 Lambda 接收器建立型別安全的 DSL 建構器,以及使用 Gradle Kotlin DSL 進行建置設定。它支援多種平台(如 JVM、Android、Kotlin Multiplatform),並提供豐富的程式碼範例與反模式對比,幫助開發者撰寫更簡潔、安全且慣用的 Kotlin 程式碼。此技能適用於撰寫新程式碼、程式碼審查、重構或設計 Kotlin 函式庫。

相容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/ECC/tree/main/skills/kotlin-patterns

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說明文件

Kotlin 開發模式 是做什麼的?

慣用的 Kotlin 模式與最佳實踐,用於建構穩健、高效且可維護的應用程式。

使用時機

  • 撰寫新的 Kotlin 程式碼
  • 審查 Kotlin 程式碼
  • 重構現有的 Kotlin 程式碼
  • 設計 Kotlin 模組或函式庫
  • 設定 Gradle Kotlin DSL 建置

運作方式

此技能在七大關鍵領域中強制執行慣用的 Kotlin 慣例:使用型別系統和安全呼叫運算子實現空安全性、透過 val 和資料類別的 copy() 實現不可變性、使用密封類別和介面實現詳盡的型別層級、透過協程和 Flow 實現結構化並行、使用擴充函數在不繼承的情況下添加行為、使用 @DslMarker 和 Lambda 接收器建立型別安全的 DSL 建構器,以及使用 Gradle Kotlin DSL 進行建置設定。

範例

使用 Elvis 運算子的空安全性:

fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
    val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
    return user?.email ?: "[email protected]"
}

用於詳盡結果的密封類別:

sealed class Result<out T> {
    data class Success<T>(val data: T) : Result<T>()
    data class Failure(val error: AppError) : Result<Nothing>()
    data object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
}

使用 async/await 的結構化並行:

suspend fun fetchUserWithPosts(userId: String): UserProfile =
    coroutineScope {
        val user = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
        val posts = async { postService.getUserPosts(userId) }
        UserProfile(user = user.await(), posts = posts.await())
    }

核心原則

1. 空安全性

Kotlin 的型別系統區分可空型別和不可空型別。請充分利用它。

// 良好:預設使用不可空型別
fun getUser(id: String): User {
    return userRepository.findById(id)
        ?: throw UserNotFoundException("User $id not found")
}

// 良好:安全呼叫和 Elvis 運算子
fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
    val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
    return user?.email ?: "[email protected]"
}

// 不佳:強制展開可空型別
fun getUserEmail(userId: String): String {
    val user = userRepository.findById(userId)
    return user!!.email // 若為 null 則拋出 NPE
}

2. 預設不可變性

優先使用 val 而非 var,以及不可變集合而非可變集合。

// 良好:不可變資料
data class User(
    val id: String,
    val name: String,
    val email: String,
)

// 良好:使用 copy() 進行轉換
fun updateEmail(user: User, newEmail: String): User =
    user.copy(email = newEmail)

// 良好:不可變集合
val users: List<User> = listOf(user1, user2)
val filtered = users.filter { it.email.isNotBlank() }

// 不佳:可變狀態
var currentUser: User? = null // 避免可變的全域狀態
val mutableUsers = mutableListOf<User>() // 除非真的需要,否則避免

3. 表達式主體和單表達式函數

使用表達式主體來編寫簡潔、可讀的函數。

// 良好:表達式主體
fun isAdult(age: Int): Boolean = age >= 18

fun formatFullName(first: String, last: String): String =
    "$first $last".trim()

fun User.displayName(): String =
    name.ifBlank { email.substringBefore('@') }

// 良好:when 作為表達式
fun statusMessage(code: Int): String = when (code) {
    200 -> "OK"
    404 -> "Not Found"
    500 -> "Internal Server Error"
    else -> "Unknown status: $code"
}

// 不佳:不必要的區塊主體
fun isAdult(age: Int): Boolean {
    return age >= 18
}

4. 用於值物件的資料類別

對主要用於持有資料的型別使用資料類別。

// 良好:具有 copy、equals、hashCode、toString 的資料類別
data class CreateUserRequest(
    val name: String,
    val email: String,
    val role: Role = Role.USER,
)

// 良好:用於型別安全的值類別(執行時期零開銷)
@JvmInline
value class UserId(val value: String) {
    init {
        require(value.isNotBlank()) { "UserId cannot be blank" }
    }
}

@JvmInline
value class Email(val value: String) {
    init {
        require('@' in value) { "Invalid email: $value" }
    }
}

fun getUser(id: UserId): User = userRepository.findById(id)

密封類別和介面

建模受限的層級結構

// 良好:用於詳盡 when 的密封類別
sealed class Result<out T> {
    data class Success<T>(val data: T) : Result<T>()
    data class Failure(val error: AppError) : Result<Nothing>()
    data object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
}

fun <T> Result<T>.getOrNull(): T? = when (this) {
    is Result.Success -> data
    is Result.Failure -> null
    is Result.Loading -> null
}

fun <T> Result<T>.getOrThrow(): T = when (this) {
    is Result.Success -> data
    is Result.Failure -> throw error.toException()
    is Result.Loading -> throw IllegalStateException("Still loading")
}

用於 API 回應的密封介面

sealed interface ApiError {
    val message: String

    data class NotFound(override val message: String) : ApiError
    data class Unauthorized(override val message: String) : ApiError
    data class Validation(
        override val message: String,
        val field: String,
    ) : ApiError
    data class Internal(
        override val message: String,
        val cause: Throwable? = null,
    ) : ApiError
}

fun ApiError.toStatusCode(): Int = when (this) {
    is ApiError.NotFound -> 404
    is ApiError.Unauthorized -> 401
    is ApiError.Validation -> 422
    is ApiError.Internal -> 500
}

作用域函數

何時使用每個函數

// let:轉換可空值或作用域結果
val length: Int? = name?.let { it.trim().length }

// apply:設定物件(回傳該物件)
val user = User().apply {
    name = "Alice"
    email = "[email protected]"
}

// also:副作用(回傳該物件)
val user = createUser(request).also { logger.info("Created user: ${it.id}") }

// run:使用接收器執行區塊(回傳結果)
val result = connection.run {
    prepareStatement(sql)
    executeQuery()
}

// with:非擴充形式的 run
val csv = with(StringBuilder()) {
    appendLine("name,email")
    users.forEach { appendLine("${it.name},${it.email}") }
    toString()
}

反模式

// 不佳:巢狀作用域函數
user?.let { u ->
    u.address?.let { addr ->
        addr.city?.let { city ->
            println(city) // 難以閱讀
        }
    }
}

// 良好:改用鏈式安全呼叫
val city = user?.address?.city
city?.let { println(it) }

擴充函數

無需繼承即可新增功能

// 良好:領域特定的擴充
fun String.toSlug(): String =
    lowercase()
        .replace(Regex("[^a-z0-9\\s-]"), "")
        .replace(Regex("\\s+"), "-")
        .trim('-')

fun Instant.toLocalDate(zone: ZoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault()): LocalDate =
    atZone(zone).toLocalDate()

// 良好:集合擴充
fun <T> List<T>.second(): T = this[1]

fun <T> List<T>.secondOrNull(): T? = getOrNull(1)

// 良好:受限的擴充(不污染全域命名空間)
class UserService {
    private fun User.isActive(): Boolean =
        status == Status.ACTIVE && lastLogin.isAfter(Instant.now().minus(30, ChronoUnit.DAYS))

    fun getActiveUsers(): List<User> = userRepository.findAll().filter { it.isActive() }
}

協程

結構化並行

// 良好:使用 coroutineScope 的結構化並行
suspend fun fetchUserWithPosts(userId: String): UserProfile =
    coroutineScope {
        val userDeferred = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
        val postsDeferred = async { postService.getUserPosts(userId) }

        UserProfile(
            user = userDeferred.await(),
            posts = postsDeferred.await(),
        )
    }

// 良好:當子協程可以獨立失敗時使用 supervisorScope
suspend fun fetchDashboard(userId: String): Dashboard =
    supervisorScope {
        val user = async { userService.getUser(userId) }
        val notifications = async { notificationService.getRecent(userId) }
        val recommendations = async { recommendationService.getFor(userId) }

        Dashboard(
            user = user.await(),
            notifications = try {
                notifications.await()
            } catch (e: CancellationException) {
                throw e
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                emptyList()
            },
            recommendations = try {
                recommendations.await()
            } catch (e: CancellationException) {
                throw e
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                emptyList()
            },
        )
    }

用於反應式串流的 Flow

// 良好:具有適當錯誤處理的冷 Flow
fun observeUsers(): Flow<List<User>> = flow {
    while (currentCoroutineContext().isActive) {
        val users = userRepository.findAll()
        emit(users)
        delay(5.seconds)
    }
}.catch { e ->
    logger.error("Error observing users", e)
    emit(emptyList())
}

// 良好:Flow 運算子
fun searchUsers(query: Flow<String>): Flow<List<User>> =
    query
        .debounce(300.milliseconds)
        .distinctUntilChanged()
        .filter { it.length >= 2 }
        .mapLatest { q -> userRepository.search(q) }
        .catch { emit(emptyList()) }

取消與清理

// 良好:尊重取消
suspend fun processItems(items: List<Item>) {
    items.forEach { item ->
        ensureActive() // 在執行耗時工作前檢查取消
        processItem(item)
    }
}

// 良好:使用 try/finally 進行清理
suspend fun acquireAndProcess() {
    val resource = acquireResource()
    try {
        resource.process()
    } finally {
        withContext(NonCancellable) {
            resource.release() // 即使取消也務必釋放
        }
    }
}

委派

屬性委派

// 惰性初始化
val expensiveData: List<User> by lazy {
    userRepository.findAll()
}

// 可觀察屬性
var name: String by Delegates.observable("initial") { _, old, new ->
    logger.info("Name changed from '$old' to '$new'")
}

// 基於 Map 的屬性
class Config(private val map: Map<String, Any?>) {
    val host: String by map
    val port: Int by map
    val debug: Boolean by map
}

val config = Config(mapOf("host" to "localhost", "port" to 8080, "debug" to true))

介面委派

// 良好:委派介面實作
class LoggingUserRepository(
    private val delegate: UserRepository,
    private val logger: Logger,
) : UserRepository by delegate {
    // 僅覆寫需要添加日誌的部分
    override suspend fun findById(id: String): User? {
        logger.info("Finding user by id: $id")
        return delegate.findById(id).also {
            logger.info("Found user: ${it?.name ?: "null"}")
        }
    }
}

DSL 建構器

型別安全的建構器

// 良好:使用 @DslMarker 的 DSL
@DslMarker
annotation class HtmlDsl

@HtmlDsl
class HTML {
    private val children = mutableListOf<Element>()

    fun head(init: Head.() -> Unit) {
        children += Head().apply(init)
    }

    fun body(init: Body.() -> Unit) {
        children += Body().apply(init)
    }

    override fun toString(): String = children.joinToString("\n")
}

fun html(init: HTML.() -> Unit): HTML = HTML().apply(init)

// 使用方式
val page = html {
    head { title("My Page") }
    body {
        h1("Welcome")
        p("Hello, World!")
    }
}

設定 DSL

data class ServerConfig(
    val host: String = "0.0.0.0",
    val port: Int = 8080,
    val ssl: SslConfig? = null,
    val database: DatabaseConfig? = null,
)

data class SslConfig(val certPath: String, val keyPath: String)
data class DatabaseConfig(val url: String, val maxPoolSize: Int = 10)

class ServerConfigBuilder {
    var host: String = "0.0.0.0"
    var port: Int = 8080
    private var ssl: SslConfig? = null
    private var database: DatabaseConfig? = null

    fun ssl(certPath: String, keyPath: String) {
        ssl = SslConfig(certPath, keyPath)
    }

    fun database(url: String, maxPoolSize: Int = 10) {
        database = DatabaseConfig(url, maxPoolSize)
    }

    fun build(): ServerConfig = ServerConfig(host, port, ssl, database)
}

fun serverConfig(init: ServerConfigBuilder.() -> Unit): ServerConfig =
    ServerConfigBuilder().apply(init).build()

// 使用方式
val config = serverConfig {
    host = "0.0.0.0"
    port = 443
    ssl("/certs/cert.pem", "/certs/key.pem")
    database("jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb", maxPoolSize = 20)
}

用於惰性求值的序列

// 良好:對大型集合的多個操作使用序列
val result = users.asSequence()
    .filter { it.isActive }
    .map { it.email }
    .filter { it.endsWith("@company.com") }
    .take(10)
    .toList()

// 良好:產生無限序列
val fibonacci: Sequence<Long> = sequence {
    var a = 0L
    var b = 1L
    while (true) {
        yield(a)
        val next = a + b
        a = b
        b = next
    }
}

val first20 = fibonacci.take(20).toList()

Gradle Kotlin DSL

build.gradle.kts 設定

// 檢查最新版本:https://kotlinlang.org/docs/releases.html
plugins {
    kotlin("jvm") version "2.3.10"
    kotlin("plugin.serialization") version "2.3.10"
    id("io.ktor.plugin") version "3.4.0"
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlinx.kover") version "0.9.7"
    id("io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt") version "1.23.8"
}

group = "com.example"
version = "1.0.0"

kotlin {
    jvmToolchain(21)
}

dependencies {
    // Ktor
    implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-core:3.4.0")
    implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-netty:3.4.0")
    implementation("io.ktor:ktor-server-content-negotiation:3.4.0")
    implementation("io.ktor:ktor-serialization-kotlinx-json:3.4.0")

    // Exposed
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-core:1.")
    // … 其餘部分已截斷以利翻譯

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/content-engine

Create platform-native content systems for X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, newsletters, and repurposed multi-platform campaigns. Use when the user wants social posts, threads, scripts, content calendars, or one source asset adapted cleanly across platforms.

affaan-m/ECC

Multi-platform content distribution across X, LinkedIn, Threads, and Bluesky. Adapts content per platform using content-engine patterns. Never posts identical content cross-platform. Use when the user wants to distribute content across social platforms.

affaan-m/fal-ai-media

Unified media generation via fal.ai MCP — image, video, and audio. Covers text-to-image (Nano Banana), text/image-to-video (Seedance, Kling, Veo 3), text-to-speech (CSM-1B), and video-to-audio (ThinkSound). Use when the user wants to generate images, videos, or audio with AI.

affaan-m/manim-video

日本語翻訳:このファイルは manim-video 用の日本語翻訳が必要です

affaan-m/remotion-video-creation

Remotion のベストプラクティス - React で動画を作成する。3D、アニメーション、音声、字幕、チャート、トランジションなどをカバーするドメイン固有の29のルール。

affaan-m/video-editing

AI-assisted video editing workflows for cutting, structuring, and augmenting real footage. Covers the full pipeline from raw capture through FFmpeg, Remotion, ElevenLabs, fal.ai, and final polish in Descript or CapCut. Use when the user wants to edit video, cut footage, create vlogs, or build video content.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

agent-self-evaluation

Use after completing any non-trivial task. The agent self-rates its output on 5 axes — accuracy, completeness, clarity, actionability, conciseness — with concrete evidence per criterion. Produces a structured 1-5 scorecard with specific improvement suggestions.

agent-sort

Build an evidence-backed ECC install plan for a specific repo by sorting skills, commands, rules, hooks, and extras into DAILY vs LIBRARY buckets using parallel repo-aware review passes. Use when ECC should be trimmed to what a project actually needs instead of loading the full bundle.

ai-first-engineering

Engineering operating model for teams where AI agents generate a large share of implementation output. Use when setting team process, review gates, or ownership rules for a codebase largely written by agents.

ai-regression-testing

Regression testing strategies for AI-assisted development. Sandbox-mode API testing without database dependencies, automated bug-check workflows, and patterns to catch AI blind spots where the same model writes and reviews code. Use when adding regression coverage to AI-assisted code, or when the same model both wrote and reviewed a change.

android-clean-architecture

Clean Architecture patterns for Android and Kotlin Multiplatform projects — module structure, dependency rules, UseCases, Repositories, and data layer patterns. Use when structuring modules, layers, or data flow in an Android or KMP project.

angular-developer

Generates Angular code and provides architectural guidance. Trigger when creating projects, components, or services, or for best practices on reactivity (signals, linkedSignal, resource), forms, dependency injection, routing, SSR, accessibility (ARIA), animations, styling (component styles, Tailwind CSS), testing, or CLI tooling.

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