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E2E 테스트 패턴

Playwright E2E 테스트 패턴, Page Object Model, 설정, CI/CD 통합, 아티팩트 관리 및 비결정적 테스트 전략을 제공합니다. Playwright 테스트 작성, 페이지 객체 구조화, CI에서의 불안정한 E2E 실행 수정 시 활용하세요.

E2E 테스트 패턴란 무엇인가요?

이 스킬은 안정적이고 빠르며 유지보수 가능한 E2E 테스트 스위트를 구축하기 위한 종합적인 Playwright 패턴을 제공합니다. 테스트 파일 구조화, Page Object Model(POM) 구현, Playwright 설정, 비결정적(flaky) 테스트 식별 및 수정, 아티팩트(스크린샷, 트레이스, 비디오) 관리, CI/CD 파이프라인 통합, 테스트 리포트 템플릿, Wallet/Web3 테스트 및 금융/중요 흐름 테스트 모범 사례를 다룹니다. 주요 특징으로는 격리된 테스트 배치, retry 전략, 네트워크 대기를 통한 경쟁 조건 해결, CI 환경별 설정 분기, 아티팩트 업로드 및 보존 설정 등이 포함됩니다. 이 스킬은 Claude Code, Cursor, Codex와 같은 AI 에이전트에서 직접 사용할 수 있으며, 개발자에게 Playwright 기반 E2E 테스트를 체계적으로 설계하고 유지보수하는 실용적인 지침을 제공합니다.

지원 대상~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/everything-claude-code/tree/main/skills/e2e-testing

즐겨 사용하는 AI에게 물어보기

이 에이전트 스킬이 미리 로드된 새 채팅을 엽니다.

문서

E2E 테스트 패턴은(는) 무엇을 하나요?

안정적이고 빠르며 유지보수 가능한 E2E 테스트 스위트를 구축하기 위한 종합적인 Playwright 패턴입니다.

테스트 파일 구조

tests/
├── e2e/
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── login.spec.ts
│   │   ├── logout.spec.ts
│   │   └── register.spec.ts
│   ├── features/
│   │   ├── browse.spec.ts
│   │   ├── search.spec.ts
│   │   └── create.spec.ts
│   └── api/
│       └── endpoints.spec.ts
├── fixtures/
│   ├── auth.ts
│   └── data.ts
└── playwright.config.ts

Page Object Model (POM)

import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test'

export class ItemsPage {
  readonly page: Page
  readonly searchInput: Locator
  readonly itemCards: Locator
  readonly createButton: Locator

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page
    this.searchInput = page.locator('[data-testid="search-input"]')
    this.itemCards = page.locator('[data-testid="item-card"]')
    this.createButton = page.locator('[data-testid="create-btn"]')
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/items')
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async search(query: string) {
    await this.searchInput.fill(query)
    await this.page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/search'))
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async getItemCount() {
    return await this.itemCards.count()
  }
}

테스트 구조

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
import { ItemsPage } from '../../pages/ItemsPage'

test.describe('아이템 검색', () => {
  let itemsPage: ItemsPage

  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    itemsPage = new ItemsPage(page)
    await itemsPage.goto()
  })

  test('키워드로 검색해야 함', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('test')

    const count = await itemsPage.getItemCount()
    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)

    await expect(itemsPage.itemCards.first()).toContainText(/test/i)
    await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/search-results.png' })
  })

  test('결과 없음 처리', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('xyznonexistent123')

    await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="no-results"]')).toBeVisible()
    expect(await itemsPage.getItemCount()).toBe(0)
  })
})

Playwright 설정

import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests/e2e',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [
    ['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }],
    ['junit', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.xml' }],
    ['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.json' }]
  ],
  use: {
    baseURL: process.env.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
    actionTimeout: 10000,
    navigationTimeout: 30000,
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] } },
    { name: 'firefox', use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] } },
    { name: 'webkit', use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] } },
    { name: 'mobile-chrome', use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] } },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run dev',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
    timeout: 120000,
  },
})

비결정적(Flaky) 테스트 패턴

격리

test('flaky: 복잡한 검색', async ({ page }) => {
  test.fixme(true, '비결정적 - 이슈 #123')
  // 테스트 코드...
})

test('조건부 건너뛰기', async ({ page }) => {
  test.skip(process.env.CI, 'CI에서 비결정적 - 이슈 #123')
  // 테스트 코드...
})

비결정적 테스트 식별

npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --repeat-each=10
npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --retries=3

일반적인 원인 및 해결책

경쟁 조건:

// 나쁨: 요소가 준비되었다고 가정
await page.click('[data-testid="button"]')

// 좋음: locator 자동 대기
await page.locator('[data-testid="button"]').click()

네트워크 타이밍:

// 나쁨: 임의의 타임아웃
await page.waitForTimeout(5000)

// 좋음: 특정 조건 대기
await page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/data'))

애니메이션 타이밍:

// 나쁨: 애니메이션 중에 클릭
await page.click('[data-testid="menu-item"]')

// 좋음: 안정 상태 대기
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').waitFor({ state: 'visible' })
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').click()

아티팩트 관리

스크린샷

await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/after-login.png' })
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/full-page.png', fullPage: true })
await page.locator('[data-testid="chart"]').screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/chart.png' })

트레이스

await browser.startTracing(page, {
  path: 'artifacts/trace.json',
  screenshots: true,
  snapshots: true,
})
// ... 테스트 액션 ...
await browser.stopTracing()

비디오

// playwright.config.ts
use: {
  video: 'retain-on-failure',
  videosPath: 'artifacts/videos/'
}

CI/CD 통합

# .github/workflows/e2e.yml
name: E2E 테스트
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx playwright install --with-deps
      - run: npx playwright test
        env:
          BASE_URL: ${{ vars.STAGING_URL }}
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: always()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/
          retention-days: 30

테스트 리포트 템플릿

# E2E 테스트 리포트

**날짜:** YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
**소요 시간:** X분 Y초
**상태:** 성공 / 실패

## 요약
- 총: X | 통과: Y (Z%) | 실패: A | 비결정적: B | 건너뜀: C

## 실패한 테스트

### test-name
**파일:** `tests/e2e/feature.spec.ts:45`
**오류:** 예상 요소가 표시되어야 함
**스크린샷:** artifacts/failed.png
**권장 수정:** [설명]

## 아티팩트
- HTML 리포트: playwright-report/index.html
- 스크린샷: artifacts/*.png
- 비디오: artifacts/videos/*.webm
- 트레이스: artifacts/*.zip

Wallet / Web3 테스트

test('지갑 연결', async ({ page, context }) => {
  // Mock 지갑 제공자
  await context.addInitScript(() => {
    window.ethereum = {
      isMetaMask: true,
      request: async ({ method }) => {
        if (method === 'eth_requestAccounts')
          return ['0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890']
        if (method === 'eth_chainId') return '0x1'
      }
    }
  })

  await page.goto('/')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="connect-wallet"]').click()
  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="wallet-address"]')).toContainText('0x1234')
})

금융 / 중요 흐름 테스트

test('거래 실행', async ({ page }) => {
  // 프로덕션에서는 건너뜀 — 실제 돈
  test.skip(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', '프로덕션에서는 건너뜀')

  await page.goto('/markets/test-market')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="position-yes"]').click()
  await page.locator('[data-testid="trade-amount"]').fill('1.0')

  // 미리보기 확인
  const preview = page.locator('[data-testid="trade-preview"]')
  await expect(preview).toContainText('1.0')

  // 확인 후 블록체인 대기
  await page.locator('[data-testid="confirm-trade"]').click()
  await page.waitForResponse(
    resp => resp.url().includes('/api/trade') && resp.status() === 200,
    { timeout: 30000 }
  )

  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="trade-success"]')).toBeVisible()
})

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/claude-api

Anthropic Claude API patterns for Python and TypeScript. Covers Messages API, streaming, tool use, vision, extended thinking, batches, prompt caching, and Claude Agent SDK. Use when building applications with the Claude API or Anthropic SDKs.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

End-to-end marketing campaign planning and execution. Covers audience research, positioning, campaign angle definition, landing page copy, email sequences, social posts, ad copy, short-form video scripts, and content calendars. Use as the orchestration layer for multi-channel product launches. Use when planning or executing a multi-channel product launch, or producing landing page, email, social, or ad copy.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code-conventions

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/frontend-design

Create distinctive, production-grade frontend interfaces with high design quality. Use when the user asks to build web components, pages, or applications and the visual direction matters as much as the code quality.

affaan-m/gget

gget CLI and Python workflow for quick genomic database queries, sequence lookup, BLAST-style searches, enrichment checks, and reproducible bioinformatics evidence logs.

affaan-m/literature-review

Systematic literature-review workflow for academic, biomedical, technical, and scientific topics, including search planning, source screening, synthesis, citation checks, and evidence logging.

affaan-m/motion-ui

Production-ready UI motion system for React/Next.js. Use when implementing animations, transitions, or motion patterns.

affaan-m/project-guidelines-example

Example project-specific skill template based on a real production application.

affaan-m/pubmed-database

Direct PubMed and NCBI E-utilities search workflows for biomedical literature, MeSH queries, PMID lookup, citation retrieval, and API-backed literature monitoring.

affaan-m/scholar-evaluation

Structured scholarly-work evaluation for papers, proposals, literature reviews, methods sections, evidence quality, citation support, and research-writing feedback.

affaan-m/uspto-database

USPTO patent and trademark data workflow for official record lookup, PatentSearch queries, TSDR checks, assignment data, and reproducible IP research logs.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

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