Communitygithub.com

fastapi-patterns

FastAPI のベストプラクティス集。プロジェクト構成、Pydantic v2 スキーマ、依存性注入、非同期ハンドラ、認証・認可、トランザクションサービス層、httpx と pytest を使ったテストをカバーします。FastAPI アプリを構築・レビューする際(Pydantic スキーマ、依存関係、非同期ハンドラ、認証、テストなど)に使用します。

fastapi-patterns とは?

このスキルは、本番環境に適したモダンな FastAPI アプリケーション開発のための包括的なベストプラクティスを提供します。プロジェクト構造、Pydantic v2 スキーマ、依存性注入、非同期パターン、認証・認可、トランザクションサービス層、および httpx と pytest を使用したテスト設計をカバーします。 スキルは、アプリケーションファクトリ、ライフスパン管理、pydantic-settings による設定、Pydantic v2 のモデルバリデータ、OAuth2 と JWT を使用した安全な依存性注入、CRUD 操作と認証を処理するサービス層、メモリ内 SQLite データベースを使用した非同期テストフィクスチャを実演します。重複ユーザーの競合状態を防ぐためにデータベースレベルの制約を重視し、ビジネスロジックをルートハンドラから分離することの重要性を強調しています。このスキルは、Claude Code、Cursor、Codex などの AI エージェントと併用して、FastAPI コードを効率的に生成・レビューするのに適しています。

対応~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/everything-claude-code/tree/main/skills/fastapi-patterns

お気に入りのAIに質問する

このエージェントスキルを事前に読み込んだ状態で新しいチャットを開きます。

ドキュメント

FastAPI パターン

モダンで本番グレードの FastAPI 開発:プロジェクトレイアウト、Pydantic v2 スキーマ、依存性注入、非同期パターン、認証、トランザクションサービスのメソッド、テスト。

プロジェクト構造

my_app/
|-- app/
|   |-- main.py               # アプリケーションファクトリ、ライフスパン、ミドルウェア
|   |-- config.py             # pydantic-settings による設定
|   |-- dependencies.py       # 共有 FastAPI 依存関係
|   |-- database.py           # SQLAlchemy エンジン + セッション
|   |-- routers/
|   |   `-- users.py
|   |-- models/               # SQLAlchemy ORM モデル
|   |   `-- user.py
|   |-- schemas/              # Pydantic リクエスト/レスポンススキーマ
|   |   `-- user.py
|   `-- services/             # ビジネスロジック層
|       `-- user_service.py
|-- tests/
|   |-- conftest.py
|   `-- test_users.py
|-- pyproject.toml
`-- .env

アプリケーションファクトリとライフスパン

# app/main.py
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware

from app.config import settings
from app.database import engine, Base
from app.routers import users


@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    # 開発/デモ環境での利便性のため、起動時に自動的にテーブルを作成します。
    # 厳密な本番アプリケーションでは、代わりに Alembic マイグレーションでスキーマを管理してください。
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
    yield
    # シャットダウン:プールされたリソースを閉じます。
    await engine.dispose()


def create_app() -> FastAPI:
    app = FastAPI(
        title=settings.app_name,
        version=settings.app_version,
        lifespan=lifespan,
    )

    app.add_middleware(
        CORSMiddleware,
        allow_origins=settings.allowed_origins,
        allow_credentials=settings.allow_credentials,
        allow_methods=settings.allowed_methods,
        allow_headers=settings.allowed_headers,
    )

    app.include_router(users.router, prefix="/users", tags=["users"])

    return app


app = create_app()

pydantic-settings による設定

# app/config.py
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict


class Settings(BaseSettings):
    model_config = SettingsConfigDict(env_file=".env", env_file_encoding="utf-8")

    app_name: str = "My App"
    app_version: str = "0.1.0"
    debug: bool = False

    database_url: str
    secret_key: str
    algorithm: str = "HS256"
    access_token_expire_minutes: int = 30

    # Pydantic-settings v2 は可変リストリテラルを直接安全に評価します
    allowed_origins: list[str] = ["http://localhost:3000"]
    allowed_methods: list[str] = ["GET", "POST", "PATCH", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"]
    allowed_headers: list[str] = ["Authorization", "Content-Type"]
    allow_credentials: bool = True


settings = Settings()

Pydantic スキーマ (v2)

# app/schemas/user.py
from datetime import datetime
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr, Field, model_validator


class UserBase(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr
    username: str = Field(min_length=3, max_length=50)


class UserCreate(UserBase):
    password: str = Field(min_length=8)
    password_confirm: str

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def passwords_match(self) -> "UserCreate":
        if self.password != self.password_confirm:
            raise ValueError("パスワードが一致しません")
        return self


class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
    username: str | None = Field(default=None, min_length=3, max_length=50)
    email: EmailStr | None = None


class UserResponse(UserBase):
    id: int
    is_active: bool
    created_at: datetime

    model_config = {"from_attributes": True}


class UserListResponse(BaseModel):
    total: int
    items: list[UserResponse]

依存性注入

# app/dependencies.py
from typing import Annotated, AsyncGenerator
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.config import settings
from app.database import AsyncSessionLocal
from app.models.user import User

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="/users/token")


async def get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
    async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
        try:
            yield session
        except Exception:
            await session.rollback()
            raise


async def get_current_user(
    token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)],
    db: Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)],
) -> User:
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="認証情報を検証できませんでした",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, settings.secret_key, algorithms=[settings.algorithm])
        subject = payload.get("sub")
        if subject is None:
            raise credentials_exception
        user_id = int(subject)
    except (JWTError, TypeError, ValueError):
        raise credentials_exception

    user = await db.get(User, user_id)
    if user is None:
        raise credentials_exception
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
) -> User:
    if not current_user.is_active:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="非アクティブユーザー")
    return current_user


DbDep = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)]
CurrentUserDep = Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)]
ActiveUserDep = Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)]

ルーターとエンドポイントの設計

# app/routers/users.py
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Query, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm

from app.dependencies import ActiveUserDep, DbDep
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserResponse, UserUpdate, UserListResponse
from app.services.user_service import DuplicateUserError, UserService

router = APIRouter()


@router.post("/", response_model=UserResponse, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep) -> UserResponse:
    service = UserService(db)
    try:
        return await service.create(payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")


@router.get("/me", response_model=UserResponse)
async def get_me(current_user: ActiveUserDep) -> UserResponse:
    return current_user


@router.get("/", response_model=UserListResponse)
async def list_users(
    db: DbDep,
    current_user: ActiveUserDep,
    skip: Annotated[int, Query(ge=0)] = 0,
    limit: Annotated[int, Query(ge=1, le=100)] = 20,
) -> UserListResponse:
    service = UserService(db)
    users, total = await service.list(skip=skip, limit=limit)
    return UserListResponse(total=total, items=users)


@router.patch("/{user_id}", response_model=UserResponse)
async def update_user(
    user_id: int,
    payload: UserUpdate,
    db: DbDep,
    current_user: ActiveUserDep,
) -> UserResponse:
    if current_user.id != user_id:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="権限がありません")
    service = UserService(db)
    try:
        user = await service.update(user_id, payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")
    if user is None:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="ユーザーが見つかりません")
    return user


@router.post("/token")
async def login(
    form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()],
    db: DbDep,
) -> dict[str, str]:
    service = UserService(db)
    token = await service.authenticate(form_data.username, form_data.password)
    if token is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="ユーザー名またはパスワードが間違っています",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return {"access_token": token, "token_type": "bearer"}

サービス層

# app/services/user_service.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone

from jose import jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from sqlalchemy import func, select
from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.config import settings
from app.models.user import User
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")


class DuplicateUserError(Exception):
    """一意のユーザーフィールドが既存の行と競合した場合に発生します。"""


class UserService:
    def __init__(self, db: AsyncSession) -> None:
        self.db = db

    async def get_by_email(self, email: str) -> User | None:
        result = await self.db.execute(select(User).where(User.email == email))
        return result.scalar_one_or_none()

    async def create(self, payload: UserCreate) -> User:
        user = User(
            email=payload.email,
            username=payload.username,
            hashed_password=pwd_context.hash(payload.password),
        )
        self.db.add(user)
        try:
            # 競合を起こしやすいアプリケーションレベルの事前チェックではなく、アトミックな DB 制約に依存する
            await self.db.commit()
        except IntegrityError as exc:
            await self.db.rollback()
            raise DuplicateUserError from exc
        await self.db.refresh(user)
        return user

    async def list(self, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 20) -> tuple[list[User], int]:
        total_result = await self.db.execute(select(func.count(User.id)))
        total = total_result.scalar_one()
        # 信頼性の高いページネーションを確保するために、明示的な決定論的順序付けを適用する
        result = await self.db.execute(
            select(User).order_by(User.id).offset(skip).limit(limit)
        )
        return list(result.scalars()), total

    async def update(self, user_id: int, payload: UserUpdate) -> User | None:
        user = await self.db.get(User, user_id)
        if user is None:
            return None
        for field, value in payload.model_dump(exclude_unset=True).items():
            setattr(user, field, value)
        try:
            await self.db.commit()
        except IntegrityError as exc:
            await self.db.rollback()
            raise DuplicateUserError from exc
        await self.db.refresh(user)
        return user

    async def authenticate(self, email: str, password: str) -> str | None:
        user = await self.get_by_email(email)
        if user is None or not pwd_context.verify(password, user.hashed_password):
            return None
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(
            minutes=settings.access_token_expire_minutes
        )
        return jwt.encode(
            {"sub": str(user.id), "exp": expire},
            settings.secret_key,
            algorithm=s.algorithm,
        )

データベース設計に関する注意: アプリケーションレベルの一意性処理には、基盤となる一意のデータベースインデックス(SQLAlchemy マッピング属性での unique=True など)が必要です。基盤となる制約がなければ、アプリケーション層のエラーキャッチでは同時実行の競合状態を安全に防ぐことはできません。


httpx と pytest を使ったテスト

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest_asyncio
from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine

from app.database import Base
from app.dependencies import get_db
from app.main import create_app

TEST_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:"

engine = create_async_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL)
TestingSessionLocal = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)


@pytest_asyncio.fixture(autouse=True)
async def setup_db():
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
    yield
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def db_session():
    async with TestingSessionLocal() as session:
        yield session
        await session.rollback()


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def client(db_session: AsyncSession):
    app = create_app()

    async def override_get_db():
        yield db_session

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db

    async with AsyncClient(
        transport=ASGITransport(app=app), base_url="http://test"
    ) as ac:
        yield ac


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def registered_user(client: AsyncClient) -> dict:
    resp = await client.post("/users/", json={
        "email": "[email protected]",
        "username": "testuser",
        "password": "securepass1",
        "password_confirm": "securepass1",
    })
    assert resp.status_code == 201
    return resp.json()


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def auth_token(client: AsyncClient, registered_user: dict) -> str:
    resp = await client.post("/users/token", data={
        "username": "[email protected]",
        "password": "securepass1",
    })
    assert resp.status_code == 200
    return resp.json()["access_token"]


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def auth_client(client: AsyncClient, auth_token: str) -> AsyncClient:
    client.headers.update({"Authorization": f"Bearer {auth_token}"})
    return client

アンチパターン

# 悪い例:ルートハンドラ内にビジネスロジックがある。
@router.post("/users/")
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep):
    hashed = bcrypt.hash(payload.password)
    user = User(email=payload.email, hashed_password=hashed)
    db.add(user)
    await db.commit()
    return user

# 良い例:薄いルート、トランザクションサービス層での処理。
@router.post("/users/", response_model=UserResponse, status_code=201)
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep):
    try:
        return await UserService(db).create(payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")

まとめ

このスキルは、以下の FastAPI 開発における主要なパターンを実演しています。

  • プロジェクト構造: アプリケーション、モデル、スキーマ、サービス間の明確な関心の分離。
  • 設定: 環境変数を使用した型安全な構成のための pydantic-settings。
  • Pydantic v2: モデルバリデータ、from_attributes、EmailStr、Field による検証。
  • 依存性注入: 型安全な依存関係のための Annotated と Depends(DB セッション、認証ユーザー)。
  • 認証: OAuth2 パスワードフローと JWT トークン。
  • サービス層: トランザクションロジックをルーターから分離し、整合性を確保。
  • テスト: モックが不要な、メモリ内 SQLite を使用した非同期テストフィクスチャ。
  • エラー処理: 意味のある HTTP ステータスコードとメッセージ。

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/claude-api

Anthropic Claude API patterns for Python and TypeScript. Covers Messages API, streaming, tool use, vision, extended thinking, batches, prompt caching, and Claude Agent SDK. Use when building applications with the Claude API or Anthropic SDKs.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

End-to-end marketing campaign planning and execution. Covers audience research, positioning, campaign angle definition, landing page copy, email sequences, social posts, ad copy, short-form video scripts, and content calendars. Use as the orchestration layer for multi-channel product launches. Use when planning or executing a multi-channel product launch, or producing landing page, email, social, or ad copy.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/everything-claude-code-conventions

Development conventions and patterns for everything-claude-code. JavaScript project with conventional commits.

affaan-m/frontend-design

Create distinctive, production-grade frontend interfaces with high design quality. Use when the user asks to build web components, pages, or applications and the visual direction matters as much as the code quality.

affaan-m/gget

gget CLI and Python workflow for quick genomic database queries, sequence lookup, BLAST-style searches, enrichment checks, and reproducible bioinformatics evidence logs.

affaan-m/literature-review

Systematic literature-review workflow for academic, biomedical, technical, and scientific topics, including search planning, source screening, synthesis, citation checks, and evidence logging.

affaan-m/motion-ui

Production-ready UI motion system for React/Next.js. Use when implementing animations, transitions, or motion patterns.

affaan-m/project-guidelines-example

Example project-specific skill template based on a real production application.

affaan-m/pubmed-database

Direct PubMed and NCBI E-utilities search workflows for biomedical literature, MeSH queries, PMID lookup, citation retrieval, and API-backed literature monitoring.

affaan-m/scholar-evaluation

Structured scholarly-work evaluation for papers, proposals, literature reviews, methods sections, evidence quality, citation support, and research-writing feedback.

affaan-m/uspto-database

USPTO patent and trademark data workflow for official record lookup, PatentSearch queries, TSDR checks, assignment data, and reproducible IP research logs.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

関連スキル