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frontend-patterns

Patrones de desarrollo frontend para React, Next.js, gestión de estado, optimización de rendimiento y mejores prácticas de UI. Útil al construir o revisar componentes de React o Next.js, estado o rendimiento de renderizado.

¿Qué es frontend-patterns?

Este skill proporciona una guía completa de patrones de desarrollo frontend modernos, centrados en React, Next.js y la creación de interfaces de usuario de alto rendimiento. Está diseñado para desarrolladores que buscan implementar código limpio, mantenible y eficiente, cubriendo desde la composición de componentes hasta la optimización del rendimiento con técnicas como memoización, virtualización y división de código. Soporta principalmente plataformas basadas en React y Next.js, y su documentación incluye ejemplos prácticos de TypeScript que abordan patrones como componentes compuestos, render props, hooks personalizados (useToggle, useQuery, useDebounce), gestión de estado con Context + Reducer, manejo de formularios con validación, boundaries de error, animaciones con Framer Motion y accesibilidad (ARIA). El skill se activa cuando se construyen o revisan componentes de React, se gestiona estado, se implementa fetching de datos, se optimiza el rendimiento, se trabajan formularios, enrutamiento del lado del cliente o se construyen patrones de UI accesibles y responsivos. Su objetivo es estandarizar las mejores prácticas y evitar patrones comunes, proporcionando soluciones reutilizables y documentadas que mejoran la calidad del código y la experiencia del desarrollador.

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Documentación

Patrones de Desarrollo Frontend

Patrones frontend modernos para React, Next.js e interfaces de usuario de alto rendimiento.

Cuándo Activar

  • Construir componentes React (composición, props, renderizado)
  • Gestionar estado (useState, useReducer, Zustand, Context)
  • Implementar fetching de datos (SWR, React Query, componentes servidor)
  • Optimizar rendimiento (memoización, virtualización, división de código)
  • Trabajar con formularios (validación, inputs controlados, esquemas Zod)
  • Manejar enrutamiento y navegación del lado del cliente
  • Construir patrones de UI accesibles y responsivos

Patrones de Componentes

Composición sobre Herencia

// PASO: BUENO: Composición de componentes
interface CardProps {
  children: React.ReactNode
  variant?: 'default' | 'outlined'
}

export function Card({ children, variant = 'default' }: CardProps) {
  return <div className={`card card-${variant}`}>{children}</div>
}

export function CardHeader({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="card-header">{children}</div>
}

export function CardBody({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="card-body">{children}</div>
}

// Uso
<Card>
  <CardHeader>Título</CardHeader>
  <CardBody>Contenido</CardBody>
</Card>

Componentes Compuestos

interface TabsContextValue {
  activeTab: string
  setActiveTab: (tab: string) => void
}

const TabsContext = createContext<TabsContextValue | undefined>(undefined)

export function Tabs({ children, defaultTab }: {
  children: React.ReactNode
  defaultTab: string
}) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultTab)

  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      {children}
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  )
}

export function TabList({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="tab-list">{children}</div>
}

export function Tab({ id, children }: { id: string, children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const context = useContext(TabsContext)
  if (!context) throw new Error('Tab debe usarse dentro de Tabs')

  return (
    <button
      className={context.activeTab === id ? 'active' : ''}
      onClick={() => context.setActiveTab(id)}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  )
}

// Uso
<Tabs defaultTab="resumen">
  <TabList>
    <Tab id="resumen">Resumen</Tab>
    <Tab id="detalles">Detalles</Tab>
  </TabList>
</Tabs>

Patrón Render Props

interface DataLoaderProps<T> {
  url: string
  children: (data: T | null, loading: boolean, error: Error | null) => React.ReactNode
}

export function DataLoader<T>({ url, children }: DataLoaderProps<T>) {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)

  useEffect(() => {
    fetch(url)
      .then(res => res.json())
      .then(setData)
      .catch(setError)
      .finally(() => setLoading(false))
  }, [url])

  return <>{children(data, loading, error)}</>
}

// Uso
<DataLoader<Market[]> url="/api/markets">
  {(markets, loading, error) => {
    if (loading) return <Spinner />
    if (error) return <Error error={error} />
    return <MarketList markets={markets!} />
  }}
</DataLoader>

Patrones de Hooks Personalizados

Hook de Gestión de Estado

export function useToggle(initialValue = false): [boolean, () => void] {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(initialValue)

  const toggle = useCallback(() => {
    setValue(v => !v)
  }, [])

  return [value, toggle]
}

// Uso
const [isOpen, toggleOpen] = useToggle()

Hook de Fetching de Datos Asíncrono

interface UseQueryOptions<T> {
  onSuccess?: (data: T) => void
  onError?: (error: Error) => void
  enabled?: boolean
}

export function useQuery<T>(
  key: string,
  fetcher: () => Promise<T>,
  options?: UseQueryOptions<T>
) {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null)
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)

  // Mantener el fetcher/opciones más recientes en refs para que refetch se mantenga
  // referencialmente estable incluso cuando los llamantes pasan funciones inline y literales de objeto.
  // Sin esto, cada render crea un nuevo refetch, y el efecto a continuación se
  // vuelve a ejecutar después de cada actualización de estado - un bucle infinito de fetch.
  const fetcherRef = useRef(fetcher)
  const optionsRef = useRef(options)
  useEffect(() => {
    fetcherRef.current = fetcher
    optionsRef.current = options
  })

  const refetch = useCallback(async () => {
    setLoading(true)
    setError(null)

    try {
      const result = await fetcherRef.current()
      setData(result)
      optionsRef.current?.onSuccess?.(result)
    } catch (err) {
      const error = err as Error
      setError(error)
      optionsRef.current?.onError?.(error)
    } finally {
      setLoading(false)
    }
  }, [])

  const enabled = options?.enabled !== false

  useEffect(() => {
    if (enabled) {
      refetch()
    }
  }, [key, enabled, refetch])

  return { data, error, loading, refetch }
}

// Uso
const { data: markets, loading, error, refetch } = useQuery(
  'markets',
  () => fetch('/api/markets').then(r => r.json()),
  {
    onSuccess: data => console.log('Obtenidos', data.length, 'mercados'),
    onError: err => console.error('Falló:', err)
  }
)

Hook de Debounce

export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T {
  const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value)

  useEffect(() => {
    const handler = setTimeout(() => {
      setDebouncedValue(value)
    }, delay)

    return () => clearTimeout(handler)
  }, [value, delay])

  return debouncedValue
}

// Uso
const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('')
const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)

useEffect(() => {
  if (debouncedQuery) {
    performSearch(debouncedQuery)
  }
}, [debouncedQuery])

Patrones de Gestión de Estado

Patrón Context + Reducer

interface State {
  markets: Market[]
  selectedMarket: Market | null
  loading: boolean
}

type Action =
  | { type: 'SET_MARKETS'; payload: Market[] }
  | { type: 'SELECT_MARKET'; payload: Market }
  | { type: 'SET_LOADING'; payload: boolean }

function reducer(state: State, action: Action): State {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'SET_MARKETS':
      return { ...state, markets: action.payload }
    case 'SELECT_MARKET':
      return { ...state, selectedMarket: action.payload }
    case 'SET_LOADING':
      return { ...state, loading: action.payload }
    default:
      return state
  }
}

const MarketContext = createContext<{
  state: State
  dispatch: Dispatch<Action>
} | undefined>(undefined)

export function MarketProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {
    markets: [],
    selectedMarket: null,
    loading: false
  })

  return (
    <MarketContext.Provider value={{ state, dispatch }}>
      {children}
    </MarketContext.Provider>
  )
}

export function useMarkets() {
  const context = useContext(MarketContext)
  if (!context) throw new Error('useMarkets debe usarse dentro de MarketProvider')
  return context
}

Optimización de Rendimiento

Memoización

// PASO: useMemo para cálculos costosos
// Copiar antes de ordenar - Array.prototype.sort muta en su lugar
const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => {
  return [...markets].sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume)
}, [markets])

// PASO: useCallback para funciones pasadas a hijos
const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => {
  setSearchQuery(query)
}, [])

// PASO: React.memo para componentes puros
export const MarketCard = React.memo<MarketCardProps>(({ market }) => {
  return (
    <div className="market-card">
      <h3>{market.name}</h3>
      <p>{market.description}</p>
    </div>
  )
})

División de Código y Carga Perezosa

import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'

// PASO: Cargar perezosamente componentes pesados
const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart'))
const ThreeJsBackground = lazy(() => import('./ThreeJsBackground'))

export function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
        <HeavyChart data={data} />
      </Suspense>

      <Suspense fallback={null}>
        <ThreeJsBackground />
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  )
}

Virtualización para Listas Largas

import { useVirtualizer } from '@tanstack/react-virtual'

export function VirtualMarketList({ markets }: { markets: Market[] }) {
  const parentRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)

  const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
    count: markets.length,
    getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
    estimateSize: () => 100,  // Altura estimada de fila
    overscan: 5  // Elementos extra a renderizar
  })

  return (
    <div ref={parentRef} style={{ height: '600px', overflow: 'auto' }}>
      <div
        style={{
          height: `${virtualizer.getTotalSize()}px`,
          position: 'relative'
        }}
      >
        {virtualizer.getVirtualItems().map(virtualRow => (
          <div
            key={virtualRow.index}
            style={{
              position: 'absolute',
              top: 0,
              left: 0,
              width: '100%',
              height: `${virtualRow.size}px`,
              transform: `translateY(${virtualRow.start}px)`
            }}
          >
            <MarketCard market={markets[virtualRow.index]} />
          </div>
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Patrones de Manejo de Formularios

Formulario Controlado con Validación

interface FormData {
  name: string
  description: string
  endDate: string
}

interface FormErrors {
  name?: string
  description?: string
  endDate?: string
}

export function CreateMarketForm() {
  const [formData, setFormData] = useState<FormData>({
    name: '',
    description: '',
    endDate: ''
  })

  const [errors, setErrors] = useState<FormErrors>({})

  const validate = (): boolean => {
    const newErrors: FormErrors = {}

    if (!formData.name.trim()) {
      newErrors.name = 'El nombre es obligatorio'
    } else if (formData.name.length > 200) {
      newErrors.name = 'El nombre debe tener menos de 200 caracteres'
    }

    if (!formData.description.trim()) {
      newErrors.description = 'La descripción es obligatoria'
    }

    if (!formData.endDate) {
      newErrors.endDate = 'La fecha de fin es obligatoria'
    }

    setErrors(newErrors)
    return Object.keys(newErrors).length === 0
  }

  const handleSubmit = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault()

    if (!validate()) return

    try {
      await createMarket(formData)
      // Manejo de éxito
    } catch (error) {
      // Manejo de error
    }
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input
        value={formData.name}
        onChange={e => setFormData(prev => ({ ...prev, name: e.target.value }))}
        placeholder="Nombre del mercado"
      />
      {errors.name && <span className="error">{errors.name}</span>}

      {/* Otros campos */}

      <button type="submit">Crear Mercado</button>
    </form>
  )
}

Patrón de Error Boundary

interface ErrorBoundaryState {
  hasError: boolean
  error: Error | null
}

export class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component<
  { children: React.ReactNode },
  ErrorBoundaryState
> {
  state: ErrorBoundaryState = {
    hasError: false,
    error: null
  }

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error): ErrorBoundaryState {
    return { hasError: true, error }
  }

  componentDidCatch(error: Error, errorInfo: React.ErrorInfo) {
    console.error('Error boundary capturado:', error, errorInfo)
  }

  render() {
    if (this.state.hasError) {
      return (
        <div className="error-fallback">
          <h2>Algo salió mal</h2>
          <p>{this.state.error?.message}</p>
          <button onClick={() => this.setState({ hasError: false })}>
            Intentar de nuevo
          </button>
        </div>
      )
    }

    return this.props.children
  }
}

// Uso
<ErrorBoundary>
  <App />
</ErrorBoundary>

Patrones de Animación

Animaciones con Framer Motion

import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion'

// PASO: Animaciones de lista
export function AnimatedMarketList({ markets }: { markets: Market[] }) {
  return (
    <AnimatePresence>
      {markets.map(market => (
        <motion.div
          key={market.id}
          initial={{ opacity: 0, y: 20 }}
          animate={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
          exit={{ opacity: 0, y: -20 }}
          transition={{ duration: 0.3 }}
        >
          <MarketCard market={market} />
        </motion.div>
      ))}
    </AnimatePresence>
  )
}

// PASO: Animaciones de modal
export function Modal({ isOpen, onClose, children }: ModalProps) {
  return (
    <AnimatePresence>
      {isOpen && (
        <>
          <motion.div
            className="modal-overlay"
            initial={{ opacity: 0 }}
            animate={{ opacity: 1 }}
            exit={{ opacity: 0 }}
            onClick={onClose}
          />
          <motion.div
            className="modal-content"
            initial={{ opacity: 0, scale: 0.9, y: 20 }}
            animate={{ opacity: 1, scale: 1, y: 0 }}
            exit={{ opacity: 0, scale: 0.9, y: 20 }}
          >
            {children}
          </motion.div>
        </>
      )}
    </AnimatePresence>
  )
}

Patrones de Accesibilidad

Navegación por Teclado

export function Dropdown({ options, onSelect }: DropdownProps) {
  const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false)
  const [activeIndex, setActiveIndex] = useState(0)
  const dropdownRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)

  const handleKeyDown = (e: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
    switch (e.key) {
      case 'ArrowDown':
        e.preventDefault()
        setActiveIndex(i => Math.min(i + 1, options.length - 1))
        break
      case 'ArrowUp':
        e.preventDefault()
        setActiveIndex(i => Math.max(i - 1, 0))
        break
      case 'Enter':
      case ' ':
        e.preventDefault()
        if (isOpen) {
          onSelect(options[activeIndex])
          setIsOpen(false)
        } else {
          setIsOpen(true)
        }
        break
      case 'Escape':
        setIsOpen(false)
        break
    }
  }

  // Enfoque automático en la lista cuando se abre (mejora accesibilidad)
  useEffect(() => {
    if (isOpen && dropdownRef.current) {
      dropdownRef.current.focus()
    }
  }, [isOpen])

  return (
    <div
      role="combobox"
      aria-expanded={isOpen}
      aria-haspopup="listbox"
      aria-label="Seleccionar opción"
      onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
      tabIndex={0}
    >
      <button onClick={() => setIsOpen(!isOpen)}>
        {options[activeIndex]?.label || 'Seleccionar...'}
      </button>

      {isOpen && (
        <ul
          ref={dropdownRef}
          role="listbox"
          aria-activedescendant={`option-${activeIndex}`}
          tabIndex={-1}
        >
          {options.map((option, index) => (
            <li
              key={option.value}
              id={`option-${index}`}
              role="option"
              aria-selected={index === activeIndex}
              onClick={() => {
                onSelect(option)
                setIsOpen(false)
              }}
            >
              {option.label}
            </li>
          ))}
        </ul>
      )}
    </div>
  )
}

Atributos ARIA y Roles

export function Accordion({ items }: { items: AccordionItem[] }) {
  const [openItem, setOpenItem] = useState<string | null>(null)

  return (
    <div role="region" aria-label="Acordeón">
      {items.map(item => {
        const isOpen = openItem === item.id

        return (
          <div key={item.id}>
            <h3>
              <button
                aria-expanded={isOpen}
                aria-controls={`panel-${item.id}`}
                id={`trigger-${item.id}`}
                onClick={() => setOpenItem(isOpen ? null : item.id)}
              >
                {item.title}
              </button>
            </h3>
            <div
              id={`panel-${item.id}`}
              role="region"
              aria-labelledby={`trigger-${item.id}`}
              hidden={!isOpen}
            >
              {item.content}
            </div>
          </div>
        )
      })}
    </div>
  )
}

Mejores Prácticas de Rendimiento con Next.js

Optimización de Imágenes

import Image from 'next/image'

// PASO: Usar next/image para imágenes optimizadas
export function ProductImage({ src, alt }: { src: string; alt: string }) {
  return (
    <Image
      src={src}
      alt={alt}
      width={400}
      height={300}
      priority={false}
      loading="lazy"
      placeholder="blur"
      sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 33vw"
    />
  )
}

Componentes Servidor y Cliente

// PASO: Componente servidor para fetching de datos y renderizado estático
// app/markets/page.tsx
import { MarketList } from './MarketList'
import { getMarkets } from '@/lib/api'

export default async function MarketsPage() {
  const markets = await getMarkets()

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Mercados</h1>
      <MarketList markets={markets} />
    </div>
  )
}

// PASO: Componente cliente para interactividad
// 'use client'
import { useState } from 'react'

export function SearchInput() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('')

  return (
    <input
      type="search"
      value={query}
      onChange={e => setQuery(e.target.value)}
      placeholder="Buscar mercados..."
    />
  )
}

Resumen de Patrones

PatrónCaso de UsoBeneficio Clave
Composición sobre herenciaComponentes reutilizablesFlexibilidad y bajo acoplamiento
Componentes compuestosTabs, acordeones, menúsAPI intuitiva y estado encapsulado
Render propsCarga de datos, seguimiento de posiciónComportamiento inyectable
Hooks personalizadosLógica de estado, fetching, debounceReutilización de lógica
Context + ReducerEstado global de la aplicaciónGestión de estado predecible
MemoizaciónCálculos costosos, estabilidad de referenciasPreviene re-renderizaciones innecesarias
VirtualizaciónListas largas (1000+ items)Renderizado de DOM mínimo
Lazy loadingComponentes pesados, rutasBundles JavaScript más pequeños
Error boundariesRecuperación de errores de UIExperiencia de usuario elegante
AnimacionesTransiciones, entradas/salidas de elementosUI atractiva
AccesibilidadNavegación por teclado, lectores de pantallaUI inclusiva

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/content-engine

Create platform-native content systems for X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, newsletters, and repurposed multi-platform campaigns. Use when the user wants social posts, threads, scripts, content calendars, or one source asset adapted cleanly across platforms.

affaan-m/ECC

Multi-platform content distribution across X, LinkedIn, Threads, and Bluesky. Adapts content per platform using content-engine patterns. Never posts identical content cross-platform. Use when the user wants to distribute content across social platforms.

affaan-m/fal-ai-media

Unified media generation via fal.ai MCP — image, video, and audio. Covers text-to-image (Nano Banana), text/image-to-video (Seedance, Kling, Veo 3), text-to-speech (CSM-1B), and video-to-audio (ThinkSound). Use when the user wants to generate images, videos, or audio with AI.

affaan-m/manim-video

日本語翻訳:このファイルは manim-video 用の日本語翻訳が必要です

affaan-m/remotion-video-creation

Remotion のベストプラクティス - React で動画を作成する。3D、アニメーション、音声、字幕、チャート、トランジションなどをカバーするドメイン固有の29のルール。

affaan-m/video-editing

AI-assisted video editing workflows for cutting, structuring, and augmenting real footage. Covers the full pipeline from raw capture through FFmpeg, Remotion, ElevenLabs, fal.ai, and final polish in Descript or CapCut. Use when the user wants to edit video, cut footage, create vlogs, or build video content.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

agent-self-evaluation

Use after completing any non-trivial task. The agent self-rates its output on 5 axes — accuracy, completeness, clarity, actionability, conciseness — with concrete evidence per criterion. Produces a structured 1-5 scorecard with specific improvement suggestions.

agent-sort

Build an evidence-backed ECC install plan for a specific repo by sorting skills, commands, rules, hooks, and extras into DAILY vs LIBRARY buckets using parallel repo-aware review passes. Use when ECC should be trimmed to what a project actually needs instead of loading the full bundle.

ai-first-engineering

Engineering operating model for teams where AI agents generate a large share of implementation output. Use when setting team process, review gates, or ownership rules for a codebase largely written by agents.

ai-regression-testing

Regression testing strategies for AI-assisted development. Sandbox-mode API testing without database dependencies, automated bug-check workflows, and patterns to catch AI blind spots where the same model writes and reviews code. Use when adding regression coverage to AI-assisted code, or when the same model both wrote and reviewed a change.

android-clean-architecture

Clean Architecture patterns for Android and Kotlin Multiplatform projects — module structure, dependency rules, UseCases, Repositories, and data layer patterns. Use when structuring modules, layers, or data flow in an Android or KMP project.

angular-developer

Generates Angular code and provides architectural guidance. Trigger when creating projects, components, or services, or for best practices on reactivity (signals, linkedSignal, resource), forms, dependency injection, routing, SSR, accessibility (ARIA), animations, styling (component styles, Tailwind CSS), testing, or CLI tooling.

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