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分析 Active Directory ACL 濫用

使用 ldap3 偵測 Active Directory 中危險的 ACL 錯誤配置

分析 Active Directory ACL 濫用 是什麼?

此技能專注於分析 Active Directory 存取控制清單 (ACL) 中的危險權限錯誤配置。它利用 ldap3 Python 函式庫連線至網域控制器,查詢物件的 nTSecurityDescriptor 屬性,並將二進位安全描述元解析為 SDDL 格式。之後,會比對每個 ACE 的存取遮罩與已知危險權限(如 GenericAll、WriteDACL、WriteOwner),並過濾出非管理員信任項,最終產生包含攻擊鏈與修復建議的 JSON 報告。此技能對於安全事件調查、威脅狩獵查詢建置以及安全監控覆蓋驗證非常有幫助,並能以自動化方式重現 BloodHound 等工具所發現的 ACL 攻擊路徑。

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說明文件

分析 Active Directory ACL 濫用 是做什麼的?

概覽

Active Directory 存取控制清單 (ACL) 透過包含存取控制項目 (ACE) 的選擇性存取控制清單 (DACL) 來定義 AD 物件的權限。錯誤配置的 ACE 可能會授予非特權使用者危險的權限,例如 GenericAll(完全控制)、WriteDACL(修改權限)、WriteOwner(取得擁有權)以及 GenericWrite(修改屬性),這些權限可能套用於 Domain Admins 群組、網域控制器或 GPO 等敏感物件。

此技能使用 ldap3 Python 函式庫連線至網域控制器,查詢物件的 nTSecurityDescriptor 屬性,將二進位安全描述元解析為 SDDL(安全描述元定義語言)格式,並識別出授予非管理員主體危險權限的 ACE。這些錯誤配置是 BloodHound 等工具發現的基於 ACL 攻擊路徑的基礎。

使用時機

  • 調查需要分析 Active Directory ACL 濫用的安全事件時
  • 為此領域建置偵測規則或威脅狩獵查詢時
  • SOC 分析師需要此分析類型的結構化程序時
  • 驗證相關攻擊技術的安全監控覆蓋範圍時

先決條件

  • Python 3.9 或更新版本,並安裝 ldap3 函式庫(pip install ldap3)
  • 擁有可讀取 AD 物件權限的網域使用者憑證
  • 可連線至網域控制器的連接埠 389(LDAP)或 636(LDAPS)的網路連線
  • 對 Active Directory 安全模型與 SDDL 格式的理解

步驟

  1. 連線至網域控制器:使用 ldap3 透過 NTLM 或簡單驗證建立 LDAP 連線。在生產環境中建議使用 LDAPS(連接埠 636)進行加密連線。

  2. 查詢目標物件:搜尋目標 OU 或整個網域,尋找使用者、群組、電腦和 OU 等物件。請求 nTSecurityDescriptor、distinguishedName、objectClass 和 sAMAccountName 屬性。

  3. 解析安全描述元:將二進位的 nTSecurityDescriptor 轉換為 SDDL 字串表示法。解析 DACL 中的每個 ACE,以擷取信任項 SID、存取遮罩和 ACE 類型(允許/拒絕)。

  4. 將 SID 解析為主體:使用對網域的 LDAP 查閱,將安全識別碼 (SID) 對應至人類可讀的帳戶名稱。識別內建群組的已知 SID。

  5. 檢查危險權限:將每個 ACE 的存取遮罩與危險權限位元遮罩進行比較:GenericAll (0x10000000)、WriteDACL (0x00040000)、WriteOwner (0x00080000)、GenericWrite (0x40000000) 以及特定延伸權限的 WriteProperty。

  6. 過濾非管理員信任項:排除預期的管理員信任項(Domain Admins、Enterprise Admins、SYSTEM、Administrators),並標記非特權使用者或群組持有危險權限的 ACE。

  7. 描繪攻擊路徑:針對每個發現項目,記錄潛在的攻擊鏈(例如,使用者身上的 GenericAll 允許重設密碼,群組上的 WriteDACL 允許將自己加入群組)。

  8. 產生修復報告:輸出包含所有危險 ACE、受影響物件、非管理員信任項以及建議修復步驟的 JSON 報告。

預期輸出

{
  "domain": "corp.example.com",
  "objects_scanned": 1247,
  "dangerous_aces_found": 8,
  "findings": [
    {
      "severity": "critical",
      "target_object": "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=corp,DC=example,DC=com",
      "target_type": "group",
      "trustee": "CORP\\helpdesk-team",
      "permission": "GenericAll",
      "access_mask": "0x10000000",
      "ace_type": "ACCESS_ALLOWED",
      "attack_path": "GenericAll on Domain Admins group allows adding arbitrary members",
      "remediation": "Remove GenericAll ACE for helpdesk-team on Domain Admins"
    }
  ]
}

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