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FP&A 运营模型技能

构建一个基于驱动因素的 FP&A 运营模型,将业务输入与利润表、资产负债表和现金流量表输出相连接。适用于编制年度计划、准备投资者材料、运行情景分析或进行业务压力测试。

FP&A 运营模型技能 是什么?

该技能旨在帮助 AI 代理(如 Claude Code、Cursor、Codex)建立一个结构化的、基于驱动因素的财务规划与分析(FP&A)运营模型。它强调财务输出(收入、支出、现金流)应直接源自可衡量的业务驱动因素(如销售管道、转化率、员工人数),而非凭空设定的目标。技能详细描述了模型架构(四层:假设、收入、支出、输出)、具体的收入与支出构建方法(例如 SaaS 业务的 ARR 模型)、以及一个强大的情景分析框架(包含基准、乐观、悲观三种情景)。通过此技能,代理能够自动生成包含六大关键指标(毛利率、运营利润率、员工人数、新增 ARR、运营现金流、现金跑道)的仪表盘,并确保模型的审计透明度。

兼容平台~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/SkillMedev/skills/tree/HEAD/skills/fpa-model

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文档

FP&A 运营模型

一个基于驱动因素的模型建立在这样一个信念之上:财务输出是可衡量的业务行为的结果。收入不是从目标中拉取的数字——它是管道、转化率、平均合同价值和销售能力的函数。每一个假设都应当可追溯到业务驱动因素,而非一个愿望。

模型架构

以四个层次结构化模型。假设层容纳所有输入:增长率、招聘计划、定价、利润率、DSO 和宏观变量。收入层将需求驱动因素转化为已确认收入。支出层将人员编制计划和运营驱动因素转化为运营费用和销货成本项目。输出层从以上各层自动组装出三张财务报表。切勿在输出层硬编码任何数字——它必须从假设层流出。

收入构建

对于 SaaS 或订阅业务:从期初 ARR 开始,加上来自新客户的 ARR(管道乘以成交率乘以 ACV),加上扩展型 ARR,减去流失型 ARR(期初 ARR 乘以流失率),得到期末 ARR。月度收入等于期末 ARR 除以 12。对于交易型业务:各细分市场的销售单位数量乘以平均售价。对于服务型业务:可计费员工人数乘以利用率乘以计费率。使收入构建可审计——每个驱动因素占一行。对照基准对驱动因素进行合理性检查:如果冷管道上的模拟成交率高于 25-30%,或 SMB 产品的总流失率假设低于 5%,则需要书面理由,因为它们超出了典型范围。

支出构建

员工人数是锚点。建立一个员工名册,包含角色、部门、入职月份、每人的完全负担成本(基本工资加上福利加上工资税,通常为基本工资的 1.2 到 1.3 倍)。从名册中推导出薪酬支出。非员工人数相关的运营费用应建模为每月的固定金额,或与某个驱动因素相关联的变动比率(例如,托管费用占收入的百分比——SaaS 业务通常为 8-15%,超过 20% 则是一个危险信号——或销售佣金占新增 ARR 的百分比,通常在 8-12% 范围内)。避免将运营费用建模为年同比的固定增长率——这会掩盖潜在的驱动因素。新员工要现实地安排入职:销售人员的入职通常需要 4-6 个月才能达到完全生产力,而不是第一个月。

情景框架

在假设层中构建三个情景:基准(最可能情况)、乐观(收入驱动因素上行,成本不变)、悲观(收入未达标,成本应对措施)。当情景选择器改变时,模型输出应自动变化。乐观与悲观情景下第 18 个月的经营现金流之间的差距就是你的规划不确定性区间。如果这个区间大于你手头的现金,那么你需要更大的储备金或更严格成本结构。在悲观情景下,现金跑道低于 12 个月是触发行动的标志线——要么融资,要么制定成本计划——因为融资本身就需要 6 个多月。

模型卫生

每行一个公式——不要在同一列范围内混合硬编码数字和公式。用颜色编码输入(蓝色)和计算单元格(黑色),以便任何审阅者都能发现手动覆盖。注明版本日期并锁定前期实际列。一个易于审计的模型会被使用;反之则会被某人桌面上的电子表格所取代。

需要展示的关键输出

各期的毛利率百分比。运营利润率。各期末各部门员工人数。新增 ARR(针对 SaaS)。经营现金流。现金跑道(月数)。这六个指标应出现在一个摘要仪表盘标签页上,该标签页可从模型自动更新。

禁止事项

  • 不要从目标反推出收入(“我们需要 1000 万美元,所以模型得出 1000 万美元”)——驱动因素必须产生数字,否则计划就是带有格式的愿望。
  • 不要将运营费用建模为去年数据加上一个增长百分比;这会隐藏模型本应揭示的人员编制和单位成本决策。
  • 不要在计算范围内硬编码值来“修复”糟糕的输出——这种覆盖会幸存于审核,污染每个情景,是模型悄然腐烂的最常见方式。
  • 不要让员工人数脱离名册(比如“杂项招聘”一行);每个员工都需要有角色、入职月份和背负成本,否则支出构建就是虚构的。
  • 不要向董事会或投资者展示单一情景模型;没有悲观情景,模型就无法回答唯一重要的问题——如果收入未达标会怎样。
  • 不要在未重新注明版本日期并说明更改内容的情况下更新假设;一个未标记的模型分支会破坏下游所有数字的信任。

质量标准

  • 每个输出层的数字都能追溯到假设层的输入;计算范围内零硬编码。
  • 三个情景通过一个选择器切换,并且悲观情景包括已制定成本的应对措施,而不仅仅是降低收入。
  • 员工名册完全解释薪酬支出,背负成本为基本工资的 1.2-1.3 倍,并包含现实的入职安排。
  • 六个仪表盘指标自动更新,并且在每个情景中都能看到现金跑道。
  • 超出典型基准范围的驱动因素需附有书面理由。

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 19 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

SkillMedev/skills

Designs REST API surfaces - resource naming, HTTP method and status-code semantics, error shapes, pagination, and filtering - and delivers an endpoint spec a consumer can build against without asking questions. Use when someone asks "how should I name this endpoint", "what status code should this return", "should this be PUT or PATCH", "how do I paginate this list", or is reviewing an API before it ships to external consumers. Do NOT use for planning breaking-change rollouts and deprecation windows - use api-versioning-strategist instead; for GraphQL type and resolver design - use graphql-schema instead; for generating client SDKs from an existing spec - use api-client-generator instead; for designing inbound webhook endpoints - use webhook-receiver-hardener instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Produce an accurate, properly timed caption track (SRT or WebVTT) from a video's audio - transcribing or aligning to the voiceover script, timing cues to speech, and enforcing line-length and reading-speed rules so captions are readable and in sync. Use when someone says "generate captions", "make subtitles from the audio", "transcribe and caption this", "export an SRT or VTT", "the captions are out of sync", or "the subtitles flash by too fast to read". Do NOT use to burn-in, style, reframe, or position an existing caption track for a platform (9:16, brand styling, safe areas) - that is social-video-formatter; do NOT use to animate text word-by-word as a motion graphic - that is kinetic-typography; do NOT use to write the spoken script in the first place - that is narration-script.

SkillMedev/skills

Turns data and charts into a decision-driving narrative structured as headline finding, trend, implication, and recommended action - with finding-led chart titles, context for every number, annotation guidance, and honest flags on any conclusion the data cannot support. Use when someone says "turn these numbers into a story", "what's the takeaway from this data", "help me present these results to leadership", or has charts but no narrative. Do NOT use for compressing a long document into a one-pager - use executive-summary instead - or for running the analysis that produces the findings - use eda-playbook instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Use when a task needs live or historical money data - "convert USD to EUR", "current/past exchange rate", "FX rate on this date / over this range", or "current price of Bitcoin/Ethereum, market cap, 24h change". Frankfurter (ECB reference rates, no key) is the FX default; CoinGecko's free keyless tier covers crypto. Do NOT use for stock quotes or equities - no keyless stock API survives verification, say so instead of guessing; do NOT use for country economic indicators like GDP or inflation series - use government-open-data instead; if the request is a vague "I need live data", route through public-data-api-picker.

SkillMedev/skills

Use when a task needs live geographic lookups - "geocode this address", "what's at these coordinates" (reverse geocoding), "lat/lon for this city", "which country/state is this ZIP or postal code in", or "country facts: capital, currency, population, flag". Nominatim (OpenStreetMap) is the geocoding default; Zippopotam for postal codes; APICountries for country facts. All keyless. Do NOT use for weather at a location - use weather-climate instead; do NOT use for country-level statistics over time (GDP, population trends) - use government-open-data instead; if the request is a vague "I need live data", route through public-data-api-picker.

SkillMedev/skills

Runs the full Getting Things Done loop - capture, clarify, organize, reflect, engage - building a trusted system of context lists, a projects list with defined next actions, and a weekly review habit. Use when someone says "I'm overwhelmed and things are slipping through the cracks", "set up GTD for me", "help me do a brain dump and organize it", or "my to-do list is a mess". Do NOT use for just running the weekly review ritual itself - use weekly-review instead - or for clearing an email backlog - use inbox-zero.

SkillMedev/skills

Processes any email backlog to zero using the 4Ds - Delete, Delegate, Defer, Do - with a mass-archive strategy for the obvious, a touch-each-email-once discipline, and a keep-it-clear system of batched processing windows, ruthless unsubscribing, filters, and a minimal folder setup. Use when someone says "I have 5,000 unread emails", "help me get to inbox zero", "email is eating my whole day", or treats their inbox as a to-do list. Do NOT use for drafting the reply emails themselves or prioritization rules for an ongoing support queue - use email-triage instead - or for protecting focus time around the email windows - use deep-work-planner instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Write landing-page copy section by section - hero, social proof, features-as-benefits, objections, CTA - leading with one promise and proving it down the page. Use when someone asks "write my landing page", "improve my hero headline", "what should the homepage say", "turn these features into benefits", or is shipping a new page for a launch or campaign. Do NOT use for testing and optimizing an existing page's conversion rate - use landing-page-cro instead; for the one-line claim itself use positioning-statement; for the full message ladder use messaging-hierarchy.

SkillMedev/skills

Improves an existing landing page's conversion rate through evidence-first CRO - audit heatmaps and recordings, write structured hypotheses, prioritize with ICE scoring, and run one-variable tests to statistical significance. Use when someone asks "why isn't my landing page converting", "audit this page before we scale spend", "which A/B test should we run first", or after a CVR drop or ahead of a paid-traffic push. Do NOT use for writing a new landing page from scratch - use landing-page-copy instead. Do NOT use for auditing the ad accounts sending the traffic - use paid-acquisition-audit instead. Do NOT use for reading the results of a finished experiment - use ab-test-analyzer instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Runs structured coaching sessions using values clarification and the GROW model, ending every session with one committed action, a deadline, and an if-then plan for the likely obstacle. Use when someone says "I feel stuck in my life", "help me figure out what I want", "hold me accountable to my goals", or "coach me through this decision". Do NOT use for building a stress toolkit - use stress-management instead - or a journaling practice - use journal-framework; for a standing goal-tracking system, use goals-accountability. Coaching, not therapy: signs of clinical distress route to a licensed professional.

SkillMedev/skills

Adapts English content for a target language and region - swapping idioms, setting the right formality register, replacing cultural references, converting dates, units, and currency - and delivers the localized text with a notes column explaining each adaptation and flagging what needs a native reviewer. Use when someone asks "localize this copy for the Japanese market", "adapt our marketing copy for the Mexican market", "make this translation sound native instead of literal", or a literal translation reads foreign, stiff, or risky. Do NOT use for auditing in-product UI text quality - use ux-writing-audit instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Turns a natural-language video brief into a complete, ready-to-preview Remotion composition - extracts duration, scenes, brand colors, aspect ratio, and real copy; plans the frame budget; and writes data-driven React/TypeScript using useCurrentFrame, interpolate, spring, AbsoluteFill, and Sequence, registered in Root.tsx. Use when someone says "build a 20-second product demo video", "animate a feature walkthrough", "write the Remotion code for this marketing clip", or wants a scene-by-scene composition they can scrub in Studio. Do NOT use for rendering, iterating, or batching the finished MP4 - use remotion-render instead - or for installing and scaffolding the project - use remotion-setup instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Scaffolds a new Remotion video project wired for Claude Code Agent Skills - Node check, create-video scaffold, skills install, folder conventions, Google Fonts, and a smoke-test render. Use whenever someone wants to start making videos with Remotion and Claude, even just "make product videos with Claude.

SkillMedev/skills

Classifies incident severity (SEV1-4) using impact, scope, and urgency signals and decides who to page. Use when an alert fires or a report comes in and a severity call must be made quickly.

SkillMedev/skills

Use the Skill Me catalog from inside any conversation - discover, install, and manage Claude skills through the Skill Me MCP, and load installed skills automatically each session.

SkillMedev/skills

Write one platform-native caption from a topic and brand voice, with a front-loaded hook, native length, and a single earned CTA. Use when the user gives a topic (and optionally brand voice or a described image/video) and asks for an Instagram, LinkedIn, X/Twitter, or TikTok caption. Do NOT use when the user wants a dedicated standalone LinkedIn post - use linkedin-post-writer instead; or a multi-post X thread - use tweet-thread-builder instead; or to adapt one existing piece of content into versions for several channels - use cross-platform-reformatter instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Reframe and export a finished video for social platforms - 9:16 ↔ 16:9 cropping, burned-in captions, a platform-native first frame, loop design, and per-platform specs (aspect, length, safe areas) for TikTok, Reels, Shorts, X, and LinkedIn. Use when someone says "make this vertical", "crop to 9:16", "format for TikTok/Reels/Shorts", "add captions/subtitles", "why is my video cut off on mobile", "resize for Instagram", or "export for social". Do NOT use when the question is about the storyboard or shot order before any video exists (use video-storyboard); the animation craft of how elements move (use motion-design-principles); animated word-by-word caption styling (use kinetic-typography); palette, contrast, or lighting (use motion-color-and-light); directing the product-demo content and screen choreography (use product-demo-director); or scoring, beat-syncing, or audio (use sound-and-music-sync) - this is the craft layer that decides WHAT to format for the feed, then hands a concrete spec to remotion-compo...

SkillMedev/skills

Writes and tunes PySpark jobs - join strategy and broadcast size limits, shuffle-partition sizing, skew diagnosis and salting, UDF avoidance, caching, and output file layout - with concrete size and skew thresholds. Use when someone asks "why is my Spark job slow", "should I broadcast this join", "one task takes forever while the rest finish", "my job OOMs during a join", or is writing a new PySpark ETL job. Do NOT use for Kafka topic, consumer-group, or streaming-pipeline design - use kafka-pipelines instead; do NOT use for single-machine dataframe work that fits in memory - use pandas-expert instead.

SkillMedev/skills

Builds clean, performant, accessible SwiftUI views with correct state ownership, scoped invalidation, and smooth list scrolling, and reviews existing SwiftUI code against a concrete frame-time and re-render budget. Use when someone asks "why does my SwiftUI list stutter", "should this be @State or @Observable", "my whole screen re-renders when one row changes", "how do I animate this transition", or wants a SwiftUI view built or refactored. Do NOT use for cross-platform React Native apps - use react-native-pro instead; do NOT use for Flutter widget trees - use flutter-widget-architect instead; do NOT use for Android Compose UIs - use jetpack-compose-builder instead.

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