Tailwind 设计系统
使用 Tailwind CSS 构建可投入生产的设计系统,包括设计令牌、组件变体、响应式模式和无障碍性。
何时使用此技能
- 使用 Tailwind 创建组件库
- 实现设计令牌和主题化
- 构建响应式和无障碍组件
- 在代码库中标准化 UI 模式
- 迁移到或扩展 Tailwind CSS
- 设置深色模式和配色方案
核心概念
1. 设计令牌层次结构
品牌令牌(抽象)
└── 语义令牌(用途)
└── 组件令牌(具体)
示例:
blue-500 → primary → button-bg
2. 组件架构
基础样式 → 变体 → 尺寸 → 状态 → 覆盖
快速开始
// tailwind.config.ts
import type { Config } from "tailwindcss";
const config: Config = {
content: ["./src/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}"],
darkMode: "class",
theme: {
extend: {
colors: {
// 语义颜色令牌
primary: {
DEFAULT: "hsl(var(--primary))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--primary-foreground))",
},
secondary: {
DEFAULT: "hsl(var(--secondary))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--secondary-foreground))",
},
destructive: {
DEFAULT: "hsl(var(--destructive))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--destructive-foreground))",
},
muted: {
DEFAULT: "hsl(var(--muted))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--muted-foreground))",
},
accent: {
DEFAULT: "hsl(var(--accent))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--accent-foreground))",
},
background: "hsl(var(--background))",
foreground: "hsl(var(--foreground))",
border: "hsl(var(--border))",
ring: "hsl(var(--ring))",
},
borderRadius: {
lg: "var(--radius)",
md: "calc(var(--radius) - 2px)",
sm: "calc(var(--radius) - 4px)",
},
},
},
plugins: [require("tailwindcss-animate")],
};
export default config;
/* globals.css */
@tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;
@layer base {
:root {
--background: 0 0% 100%;
--foreground: 222.2 84% 4.9%;
--primary: 222.2 47.4% 11.2%;
--primary-foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--secondary: 210 40% 96.1%;
--secondary-foreground: 222.2 47.4% 11.2%;
--muted: 210 40% 96.1%;
--muted-foreground: 215.4 16.3% 46.9%;
--accent: 210 40% 96.1%;
--accent-foreground: 222.2 47.4% 11.2%;
--destructive: 0 84.2% 60.2%;
--destructive-foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--border: 214.3 31.8% 91.4%;
--ring: 222.2 84% 4.9%;
--radius: 0.5rem;
}
.dark {
--background: 222.2 84% 4.9%;
--foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--primary: 210 40% 98%;
--primary-foreground: 222.2 47.4% 11.2%;
--secondary: 217.2 32.6% 17.5%;
--secondary-foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--muted: 217.2 32.6% 17.5%;
--muted-foreground: 215 20.2% 65.1%;
--accent: 217.2 32.6% 17.5%;
--accent-foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--destructive: 0 62.8% 30.6%;
--destructive-foreground: 210 40% 98%;
--border: 217.2 32.6% 17.5%;
--ring: 212.7 26.8% 83.9%;
}
}
模式
模式 1:CVA(类方差授权)组件
// components/ui/button.tsx
import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
import { forwardRef } from 'react'
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
const buttonVariants = cva(
// 基础样式
'inline-flex items-center justify-center whitespace-nowrap rounded-md text-sm font-medium ring-offset-background transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50',
{
variants: {
variant: {
default: 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90',
destructive: 'bg-destructive text-destructive-foreground hover:bg-destructive/90',
outline: 'border border-input bg-background hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground',
secondary: 'bg-secondary text-secondary-foreground hover:bg-secondary/80',
ghost: 'hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground',
link: 'text-primary underline-offset-4 hover:underline',
},
size: {
default: 'h-10 px-4 py-2',
sm: 'h-9 rounded-md px-3',
lg: 'h-11 rounded-md px-8',
icon: 'h-10 w-10',
},
},
defaultVariants: {
variant: 'default',
size: 'default',
},
}
)
export interface ButtonProps
extends React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement>,
VariantProps<typeof buttonVariants> {
asChild?: boolean
}
const Button = forwardRef<HTMLButtonElement, ButtonProps>(
({ className, variant, size, asChild = false, ...props }, ref) => {
const Comp = asChild ? Slot : 'button'
return (
<Comp
className={cn(buttonVariants({ variant, size, className }))}
ref={ref}
{...props}
/>
)
}
)
Button.displayName = 'Button'
export { Button, buttonVariants }
// 用法:
<Button variant="destructive" size="lg">删除</Button>
<Button variant="outline">取消</Button>
<Button asChild><Link href="/home">首页</Link></Button>
模式 2:复合组件
// components/ui/card.tsx
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
import { forwardRef } from 'react'
const Card = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<div
ref={ref}
className={cn(
'rounded-lg border bg-card text-card-foreground shadow-sm',
className
)}
{...props}
/>
)
)
Card.displayName = 'Card'
const CardHeader = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<div
ref={ref}
className={cn('flex flex-col space-y-1.5 p-6', className)}
{...props}
/>
)
)
CardHeader.displayName = 'CardHeader'
const CardTitle = forwardRef<HTMLHeadingElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLHeadingElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<h3
ref={ref}
className={cn('text-2xl font-semibold leading-none tracking-tight', className)}
{...props}
/>
)
)
CardTitle.displayName = 'CardTitle'
const CardDescription = forwardRef<HTMLParagraphElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLParagraphElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<p
ref={ref}
className={cn('text-sm text-muted-foreground', className)}
{...props}
/>
)
)
CardDescription.displayName = 'CardDescription'
const CardContent = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<div ref={ref} className={cn('p-6 pt-0', className)} {...props} />
)
)
CardContent.displayName = 'CardContent'
const CardFooter = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<div
ref={ref}
className={cn('flex items-center p-6 pt-0', className)}
{...props}
/>
)
)
CardFooter.displayName = 'CardFooter'
export { Card, CardHeader, CardTitle, CardDescription, CardContent, CardFooter }
// 用法:
<Card>
<CardHeader>
<CardTitle>账户</CardTitle>
<CardDescription>管理您的账户设置</CardDescription>
</CardHeader>
<CardContent>
<form>...</form>
</CardContent>
<CardFooter>
<Button>保存</Button>
</CardFooter>
</Card>
模式 3:表单组件
// components/ui/input.tsx
import { forwardRef } from 'react'
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
export interface InputProps extends React.InputHTMLAttributes<HTMLInputElement> {
error?: string
}
const Input = forwardRef<HTMLInputElement, InputProps>(
({ className, type, error, ...props }, ref) => {
return (
<div className="relative">
<input
type={type}
className={cn(
'flex h-10 w-full rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 py-2 text-sm ring-offset-background file:border-0 file:bg-transparent file:text-sm file:font-medium placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
error && 'border-destructive focus-visible:ring-destructive',
className
)}
ref={ref}
aria-invalid={!!error}
aria-describedby={error ? `${props.id}-error` : undefined}
{...props}
/>
{error && (
<p
id={`${props.id}-error`}
className="mt-1 text-sm text-destructive"
role="alert"
>
{error}
</p>
)}
</div>
)
}
)
Input.displayName = 'Input'
// components/ui/label.tsx
import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
const labelVariants = cva(
'text-sm font-medium leading-none peer-disabled:cursor-not-allowed peer-disabled:opacity-70'
)
const Label = forwardRef<HTMLLabelElement, React.LabelHTMLAttributes<HTMLLabelElement>>(
({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<label ref={ref} className={cn(labelVariants(), className)} {...props} />
)
)
Label.displayName = 'Label'
// 与 React Hook Form 一起使用
import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form'
import { zodResolver } from '@hookform/resolvers/zod'
import * as z from 'zod'
const schema = z.object({
email: z.string().email('无效的电子邮件地址'),
password: z.string().min(8, '密码必须至少 8 个字符'),
})
function LoginForm() {
const { register, handleSubmit, formState: { errors } } = useForm({
resolver: zodResolver(schema),
})
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)} className="space-y-4">
<div className="space-y-2">
<Label htmlFor="email">电子邮件</Label>
<Input
id="email"
type="email"
{...register('email')}
error={errors.email?.message}
/>
</div>
<div className="space-y-2">
<Label htmlFor="password">密码</Label>
<Input
id="password"
type="password"
{...register('password')}
error={errors.password?.message}
/>
</div>
<Button type="submit" className="w-full">登录</Button>
</form>
)
}
模式 4:响应式网格系统
// components/ui/grid.tsx
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority'
const gridVariants = cva('grid', {
variants: {
cols: {
1: 'grid-cols-1',
2: 'grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2',
3: 'grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3',
4: 'grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4',
5: 'grid-cols-2 sm:grid-cols-3 lg:grid-cols-5',
6: 'grid-cols-2 sm:grid-cols-3 lg:grid-cols-6',
},
gap: {
none: 'gap-0',
sm: 'gap-2',
md: 'gap-4',
lg: 'gap-6',
xl: 'gap-8',
},
},
defaultVariants: {
cols: 3,
gap: 'md',
},
})
interface GridProps
extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>,
VariantProps<typeof gridVariants> {}
export function Grid({ className, cols, gap, ...props }: GridProps) {
return (
<div className={cn(gridVariants({ cols, gap, className }))} {...props} />
)
}
// 容器组件
const containerVariants = cva('mx-auto w-full px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8', {
variants: {
size: {
sm: 'max-w-screen-sm',
md: 'max-w-screen-md',
lg: 'max-w-screen-lg',
xl: 'max-w-screen-xl',
'2xl': 'max-w-screen-2xl',
full: 'max-w-full',
},
},
defaultVariants: {
size: 'xl',
},
})
interface ContainerProps
extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>,
VariantProps<typeof containerVariants> {}
export function Container({ className, size, ...props }: ContainerProps) {
return (
<div className={cn(containerVariants({ size, className }))} {...props} />
)
}
// 用法:
<Container>
<Grid cols={4} gap="lg">
{products.map((product) => (
<ProductCard key={product.id} product={product} />
))}
</Grid>
</Container>
模式 5:动画工具
// lib/animations.ts - Tailwind CSS 动画工具
import { cn } from './utils'
export const fadeIn = 'animate-in fade-in duration-300'
export const fadeOut = 'animate-out fade-out duration-300'
export const slideInFromTop = 'animate-in slide-in-from-top duration-300'
export const slideInFromBottom = 'animate-in slide-in-from-bottom duration-300'
export const slideInFromLeft = 'animate-in slide-in-from-left duration-300'
export const slideInFromRight = 'animate-in slide-in-from-right duration-300'
export const zoomIn = 'animate-in zoom-in-95 duration-300'
export const zoomOut = 'animate-out zoom-out-95 duration-300'
// 复合动画
export const modalEnter = cn(fadeIn, zoomIn, 'duration-200')
export const modalExit = cn(fadeOut, zoomOut, 'duration-200')
export const dropdownEnter = cn(fadeIn, slideInFromTop, 'duration-150')
export const dropdownExit = cn(fadeOut, 'slide-out-to-top', 'duration-150')
// components/ui/dialog.tsx
import * as DialogPrimitive from '@radix-ui/react-dialog'
const DialogOverlay = forwardRef<
React.ElementRef<typeof DialogPrimitive.Overlay>,
React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<typeof DialogPrimitive.Overlay>
>(({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
<DialogPrimitive.Overlay
ref={ref}
className={cn(
'fixed inset-0 z-50 bg-black/80',
'data-[state=open]:animate-in data-[state=closed]:animate-out',
'data-[state=closed]:fade-out-0 data-[state=open]:fade-in-0',
className
)}
{...props}
/>
))
const DialogContent = forwardRef<
React.ElementRef<typeof DialogPrimitive.Content>,
React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<typeof DialogPrimitive.Content>
>(({ className, children, ...props }, ref) => (
<DialogPortal>
<Di
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