laravel-tdd

TDD를 이용한 Laravel 테스트

PHPUnit, Pest, Laravel 팩토리 및 테스트 헬퍼를 사용한 Laravel 애플리케이션 테스트 주도 개발.

활성화 시점

• 새 Laravel 애플리케이션 또는 기능 작성
• Sanctum 또는 Passport 인증을 사용하는 API 엔드포인트 구현
• Eloquent 모델, 관계, 스코프, 접근자 테스트
• Laravel 프로젝트 테스트 인프라 설정
• HTTP 컨트롤러 및 폼 요청에 대한 기능 테스트 작성
• 외부 서비스 모킹 (큐, 메일, 알림, HTTP)

Laravel용 TDD 워크플로우

레드-그린-리팩터 사이클

// 1단계: RED — 실패하는 테스트 작성
public function test_a_product_can_be_created(): void
{
    $product = Product::factory()->create(['name' => 'Test Product']);
    $this->assertDatabaseHas('products', ['name' => 'Test Product']);
}

// 2단계: GREEN — 마이그레이션, 모델, 팩토리 작성
// 3단계: REFACTOR — 테스트가 통과하는 상태에서 개선

설정

PHPUnit 설정

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
         bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
         colors="true">
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Unit">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Unit</directory>
        </testsuite>
        <testsuite name="Feature">
            <directory suffix="Test.php">tests/Feature</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <php>
        <env name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>
        <env name="BCRYPT_ROUNDS" value="4"/>
        <env name="CACHE_STORE" value="array"/>
        <env name="DB_CONNECTION" value="sqlite"/>
        <env name="DB_DATABASE" value=":memory:"/>
        <env name="MAIL_MAILER" value="array"/>
        <env name="QUEUE_CONNECTION" value="sync"/>
        <env name="SESSION_DRIVER" value="array"/>
    </php>
</phpunit>

기본 TestCase 설정

namespace Tests;

use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\TestCase as BaseTestCase;

abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase
{
    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();
        // HTTP 예외가 아닌 경우에만 $this->withoutExceptionHandling() 호출;
        // assertStatus() 등을 억제합니다.
    }

    // 헬퍼: 인증하고 사용자 반환
    protected function actingAsUser(): mixed
    {
        $user = \App\Models\User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);
        return $user;
    }

    protected function actingAsAdmin(): mixed
    {
        $admin = \App\Models\User::factory()->admin()->create();
        $this->actingAs($admin);
        return $admin;
    }
}

모델 팩토리

// database/factories/UserFactory.php
class UserFactory extends Factory
{
    protected static ?string $password = null;

    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->name(),
            'email' => fake()->unique()->safeEmail(),
            'email_verified_at' => now(),
            'password' => static::$password ??= Hash::make('password'),
            'remember_token' => Str::random(10),
            'role' => 'user',
        ];
    }

    public function admin(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['role' => 'admin']);
    }

    public function unverified(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['email_verified_at' => null]);
    }
}

// database/factories/ProductFactory.php
class ProductFactory extends Factory
{
    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->unique()->words(3, true),
            'slug' => fn (array $attrs) => Str::slug($attrs['name']),
            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
            'price' => fake()->numberBetween(100, 100000),
            'stock' => fake()->numberBetween(0, 100),
            'is_active' => true,
            'user_id' => UserFactory::new(),
        ];
    }

    public function outOfStock(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => ['stock' => 0]);
    }
}

팩토리 사용하기

$user = User::factory()->create();
$admin = User::factory()->admin()->create();
$product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);
$products = Product::factory()->count(10)->create();
$draft = Product::factory()->make(); // 저장되지 않음

// 관계와 함께
$user = User::factory()->has(Product::factory()->count(3))->create();

// 시퀀스
User::factory()->count(3)->sequence(
    ['role' => 'admin'], ['role' => 'editor'], ['role' => 'user'],
)->create();

모델 테스트

namespace Tests\Unit\Models;

use App\Models\User;
use App\Models\Product;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class UserTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_it_hides_sensitive_attributes(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('password', $user->toArray());
    }

    public function test_admin_scope_returns_only_admins(): void
    {
        User::factory()->admin()->create();
        User::factory()->count(3)->create();

        $this->assertCount(1, User::admin()->get());
    }
}

class ProductTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_active_scope_filters_correctly(): void
    {
        Product::factory()->count(3)->create(['is_active' => true]);
        Product::factory()->count(2)->create(['is_active' => false]);

        $this->assertCount(3, Product::active()->get());
    }

    public function test_it_belongs_to_a_user(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $this->assertTrue($product->user->is($user));
    }
}

기능 / HTTP 테스트

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_guests_are_redirected_to_login(): void
    {
        $this->get(route('products.create'))->assertRedirect(route('login'));
    }

    public function test_it_stores_a_new_product(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $this->actingAs($user);

        $response = $this->post(route('products.store'), [
            'name' => 'New Product',
            'description' => 'Description',
            'price' => 2999,
            'stock' => 10,
        ]);

        $response->assertRedirect(route('products.index'));
        $this->assertDatabaseHas('products', [
            'name' => 'New Product',
            'user_id' => $user->id,
        ]);
    }

    public function test_it_validates_required_fields(): void
    {
        $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create());
        $this->post(route('products.store'), [])
            ->assertSessionHasErrors(['name', 'price']);
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_modify_others_products(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->delete(route('products.destroy', $product))
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

JSON API 테스트

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Tests\TestCase;

class ProductApiTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_unauthenticated_requests_are_rejected(): void
    {
        $this->getJson('/api/products')->assertUnauthorized();
    }

    public function test_it_lists_paginated_products(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        Product::factory()->count(5)->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->getJson('/api/products');

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonCount(5, 'data');
        $response->assertJsonStructure([
            'data' => [['id', 'name', 'price']],
            'meta' => ['current_page', 'last_page', 'total'],
        ]);
    }

    public function test_it_creates_a_product(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();

        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->postJson('/api/products', [
            'name' => 'API Product',
            'price' => 4999,
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonPath('data.name', 'API Product');
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_delete_others_products(): void
    {
        $owner = User::factory()->create();
        $attacker = User::factory()->create();
        $product = Product::factory()->create(['user_id' => $owner->id]);

        $this->actingAs($attacker)
            ->deleteJson("/api/products/{$product->id}")
            ->assertForbidden();
    }
}

Sanctum API 인증 테스트

namespace Tests\Feature\Http\Controllers\Api;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Tests\TestCase;

class AuthControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_users_can_register(): void
    {
        $response = $this->postJson('/api/register', [
            'name' => 'Test User',
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Password123!',
            'password_confirmation' => 'Password123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertCreated();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['user', 'token']]);
    }

    public function test_users_can_login(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create([
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => Hash::make('Password123!'),
        ]);

        $response = $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'Password123!',
        ]);

        $response->assertOk();
        $response->assertJsonStructure(['data' => ['token']]);
    }

    public function test_users_cannot_login_with_wrong_password(): void
    {
        User::factory()->create(['email' => '[email protected]']);

        $this->postJson('/api/login', [
            'email' => '[email protected]',
            'password' => 'wrong',
        ])->assertUnprocessable();
    }

    public function test_token_bearer_authenticates_requests(): void
    {
        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $token = $user->createToken('test')->plainTextToken;

        $this->withToken($token)
            ->getJson('/api/user')
            ->assertOk()
            ->assertJsonPath('data.email', $user->email);
    }
}

모킹과 페이크

HTTP 페이크

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;

public function test_it_handles_successful_payment(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['id' => 'pi_123', 'status' => 'succeeded'], 200),
    ]);

    $result = (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
    $this->assertTrue($result->success);
}

public function test_it_handles_gateway_failure(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::response(['error' => 'card_declined'], 402),
    ]);

    $this->expectException(PaymentFailedException::class);
    (new PaymentService())->charge(2999);
}

public function test_it_retries_on_timeout(): void
{
    Http::fake([
        'api.stripe.com/*' => Http::sequence()
            ->pushStatus(408)
            ->pushStatus(200),
    ]);

    $this->assertTrue((new PaymentService())->charge(2999)->success);
}

메일 페이크

Mail::fake();

$order->sendConfirmation();

Mail::assertSent(OrderConfirmation::class, function ($mail) use ($order) {
    return $mail->hasTo($order->user->email);
});

알림 페이크

Notification::fake();

$user->notify(new WelcomeUser());

Notification::assertSentTo($user, WelcomeUser::class);

큐 페이크

Queue::fake();

ProcessImage::dispatch($product);

Queue::assertPushed(ProcessImage::class, function ($job) use ($product) {
    return $job->product->id === $product->id;
});

스토리지 페이크

Storage::fake('public');

$file = UploadedFile::fake()->image('photo.jpg', 200, 200);

$response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/avatar', [
    'avatar' => $file,
]);

$response->assertSessionHasNoErrors();
Storage::disk('public')->assertExists('avatars/' . $file->hashName());

이벤트 페이크

Event::fake();

$order->markAsShipped();

Event::assertDispatched(OrderShipped::class, function ($event) use ($order) {
    return $event->order->id === $order->id;
});

Artisan 명령어 테스트

public function test_it_sends_newsletters(): void
{
    Mail::fake();
    User::factory()->count(5)->create(['subscribed' => true]);

    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('Sending newsletter to 5 subscribers...')
        ->assertExitCode(0);

    Mail::assertSent(NewsletterMail::class, 5);
}

public function test_it_handles_no_subscribers(): void
{
    $this->artisan('newsletter:send')
        ->expectsOutput('No subscribers found.')
        ->assertExitCode(0);
}

권한 부여 테스트

public function test_users_can_update_own_posts(): void
{
    $user = User::factory()->create();
    $post = Post::factory()->create(['user_id' => $user->id]);

    $this->actingAs($user)
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => 'Updated'])
        ->assertRedirect();
}

public function test_users_cannot_update_others_posts(): void
{
    $post = Post::factory()->create();
    $this->actingAs(User::factory()->create())
        ->put(route('posts.update', $post), ['title' => 'Hacked'])
        ->assertForbidden();
}

적용 모범 사례

• 각 테스트는 독립적이어야 하며 RefreshDatabase 또는 DatabaseTransactions 트레이트를 사용하여 다른 테스트와 격리하세요.
• 팩토리 상태를 사용하여 다양한 시나리오를 간결하게 만드세요.
• JSON API 테스트에서는 JSON 구조 단언(assertJsonStructure, assertJsonPath)을 우선 사용하고, 전체 응답 비교는 필요한 경우에만 사용하세요.
• 기능 테스트를 통해 사용자 워크플로우를 엔드 투 엔드로 검증하고, 단위 테스트로 복잡한 모델 로직을 집중적으로 테스트하세요.
• 외부 서비스는 신뢰할 수 없는 환경을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 항상 페이크나 모의 객체를 사용하세요.
• 프로젝트 전체에서 일관된 명명 규칙을 사용하세요: test_it_does_something.
• PHPStan 또는 Larastan을 CI 파이프라인에 추가하여 정적 분석을 캐치하세요.
• php artisan make:test를 사용하여 테스트 파일을 빠르게 생성하세요.