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fastapi-patterns

FastAPI のベストプラクティス: プロジェクト構造、Pydantic v2 スキーマ、依存性注入、非同期ハンドラ、認証・認可、トランザクショナルサービス層、httpx と pytest によるテスト。FastAPI アプリケーションの構築やレビュー時に利用します — Pydantic スキーマ、依存性、非同期ハンドラ、認証、テスト。

fastapi-patterns とは?

このスキルは、FastAPI アプリケーションを構築するための、本番環境に対応したベストプラクティスのコレクションです。アプリケーションファクトリとライフスパンパターン、pydantic-settings を用いた設定管理、Pydantic v2 のスキーマ定義とバリデーション、依存性注入によるデータベースセッションや認証の管理、サービス層によるビジネスロジックの分離、JWT を用いた認証・認可、httpx と pytest を使った非同期テストなど、幅広いトピックをカバーしています。主に Claude Code、Cursor、Codex などの AI エージェント向けに設計されており、開発者が FastAPI のコードを生成・レビューする際のガイドとして機能します。プロジェクト構造のテンプレートやアンチパターンも含まれており、実践的なコードベース構築に役立ちます。

対応~Claude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/ECC/tree/main/skills/fastapi-patterns

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ドキュメント

FastAPI パターン

モダンでプロダクション品質の FastAPI 開発: プロジェクトレイアウト、Pydantic v2 スキーマ、依存性注入、非同期パターン、認証、トランザクショナルサービスメソッド、テスト。

プロジェクト構造

my_app/
|-- app/
|   |-- main.py               # アプリケーションファクトリ、ライフスパン、ミドルウェア
|   |-- config.py             # pydantic-settings による設定
|   |-- dependencies.py       # 共有 FastAPI 依存性
|   |-- database.py           # SQLAlchemy エンジン + セッション
|   |-- routers/
|   |   `-- users.py
|   |-- models/               # SQLAlchemy ORM モデル
|   |   `-- user.py
|   |-- schemas/              # Pydantic リクエスト/レスポンススキーマ
|   |   `-- user.py
|   `-- services/             # ビジネスロジック層
|       `-- user_service.py
|-- tests/
|   |-- conftest.py
|   `-- test_users.py
|-- pyproject.toml
`-- .env

アプリケーションファクトリとライフスパン

# app/main.py
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware

from app.config import settings
from app.database import engine, Base
from app.routers import users


@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    # 開発/デモ環境での利便性のため、起動時にテーブルを自動作成します。
    # 厳密な本番環境では、Alembic マイグレーションを使用してスキーマを管理してください。
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
    yield
    # シャットダウン: プールされたリソースを閉じます。
    await engine.dispose()


def create_app() -> FastAPI:
    app = FastAPI(
        title=settings.app_name,
        version=settings.app_version,
        lifespan=lifespan,
    )

    app.add_middleware(
        CORSMiddleware,
        allow_origins=settings.allowed_origins,
        allow_credentials=settings.allow_credentials,
        allow_methods=settings.allowed_methods,
        allow_headers=settings.allowed_headers,
    )

    app.include_router(users.router, prefix="/users", tags=["users"])

    return app


app = create_app()

pydantic-settings による設定

# app/config.py
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict


class Settings(BaseSettings):
    model_config = SettingsConfigDict(env_file=".env", env_file_encoding="utf-8")

    app_name: str = "My App"
    app_version: str = "0.1.0"
    debug: bool = False

    database_url: str
    secret_key: str
    algorithm: str = "HS256"
    access_token_expire_minutes: int = 30

    # Pydantic-settings v2 は可変リストリテラルを安全に直接評価します
    allowed_origins: list[str] = ["http://localhost:3000"]
    allowed_methods: list[str] = ["GET", "POST", "PATCH", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"]
    allowed_headers: list[str] = ["Authorization", "Content-Type"]
    allow_credentials: bool = True


settings = Settings()

Pydantic スキーマ (v2)

# app/schemas/user.py
from datetime import datetime
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr, Field, model_validator


class UserBase(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr
    username: str = Field(min_length=3, max_length=50)


class UserCreate(UserBase):
    password: str = Field(min_length=8)
    password_confirm: str

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def passwords_match(self) -> "UserCreate":
        if self.password != self.password_confirm:
            raise ValueError("パスワードが一致しません")
        return self


class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
    username: str | None = Field(default=None, min_length=3, max_length=50)
    email: EmailStr | None = None


class UserResponse(UserBase):
    id: int
    is_active: bool
    created_at: datetime

    model_config = {"from_attributes": True}


class UserListResponse(BaseModel):
    total: int
    items: list[UserResponse]

依存性注入

# app/dependencies.py
from typing import Annotated, AsyncGenerator
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.config import settings
from app.database import AsyncSessionLocal
from app.models.user import User

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="/users/token")


async def get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
    async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
        try:
            yield session
        except Exception:
            await session.rollback()
            raise


async def get_current_user(
    token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)],
    db: Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)],
) -> User:
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="認証情報を検証できません",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, settings.secret_key, algorithms=[settings.algorithm])
        subject = payload.get("sub")
        if subject is None:
            raise credentials_exception
        user_id = int(subject)
    except (JWTError, TypeError, ValueError):
        raise credentials_exception

    user = await db.get(User, user_id)
    if user is None:
        raise credentials_exception
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
) -> User:
    if not current_user.is_active:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="ユーザーが無効です")
    return current_user


DbDep = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)]
CurrentUserDep = Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)]
ActiveUserDep = Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)]

ルーターとエンドポイント設計

# app/routers/users.py
from typing import Annotated
from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Query, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm

from app.dependencies import ActiveUserDep, DbDep
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserResponse, UserUpdate, UserListResponse
from app.services.user_service import DuplicateUserError, UserService

router = APIRouter()


@router.post("/", response_model=UserResponse, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep) -> UserResponse:
    service = UserService(db)
    try:
        return await service.create(payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")


@router.get("/me", response_model=UserResponse)
async def get_me(current_user: ActiveUserDep) -> UserResponse:
    return current_user


@router.get("/", response_model=UserListResponse)
async def list_users(
    db: DbDep,
    current_user: ActiveUserDep,
    skip: Annotated[int, Query(ge=0)] = 0,
    limit: Annotated[int, Query(ge=1, le=100)] = 20,
) -> UserListResponse:
    service = UserService(db)
    users, total = await service.list(skip=skip, limit=limit)
    return UserListResponse(total=total, items=users)


@router.patch("/{user_id}", response_model=UserResponse)
async def update_user(
    user_id: int,
    payload: UserUpdate,
    db: DbDep,
    current_user: ActiveUserDep,
) -> UserResponse:
    if current_user.id != user_id:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="権限がありません")
    service = UserService(db)
    try:
        user = await service.update(user_id, payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")
    if user is None:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="ユーザーが見つかりません")
    return user


@router.post("/token")
async def login(
    form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()],
    db: DbDep,
) -> dict[str, str]:
    service = UserService(db)
    token = await service.authenticate(form_data.username, form_data.password)
    if token is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="ユーザー名またはパスワードが正しくありません",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return {"access_token": token, "token_type": "bearer"}

サービス層

# app/services/user_service.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone

from jose import jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from sqlalchemy import func, select
from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.config import settings
from app.models.user import User
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")


class DuplicateUserError(Exception):
    """一意のユーザーフィールドが既存の行と競合した場合に発生します。"""


class UserService:
    def __init__(self, db: AsyncSession) -> None:
        self.db = db

    async def get_by_email(self, email: str) -> User | None:
        result = await self.db.execute(select(User).where(User.email == email))
        return result.scalar_one_or_none()

    async def create(self, payload: UserCreate) -> User:
        user = User(
            email=payload.email,
            username=payload.username,
            hashed_password=pwd_context.hash(payload.password),
        )
        self.db.add(user)
        try:
            # 競合しやすいアプリケーションレベルの事前チェックではなく、アトミックな DB 制約に依存します
            await self.db.commit()
        except IntegrityError as exc:
            await self.db.rollback()
            raise DuplicateUserError from exc
        await self.db.refresh(user)
        return user

    async def list(self, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 20) -> tuple[list[User], int]:
        total_result = await self.db.execute(select(func.count(User.id)))
        total = total_result.scalar_one()
        # 確実なページネーションのために明示的な決定論的順序を強制します
        result = await self.db.execute(
            select(User).order_by(User.id).offset(skip).limit(limit)
        )
        return list(result.scalars()), total

    async def update(self, user_id: int, payload: UserUpdate) -> User | None:
        user = await self.db.get(User, user_id)
        if user is None:
            return None
        for field, value in payload.model_dump(exclude_unset=True).items():
            setattr(user, field, value)
        try:
            await self.db.commit()
        except IntegrityError as exc:
            await self.db.rollback()
            raise DuplicateUserError from exc
        await self.db.refresh(user)
        return user

    async def authenticate(self, email: str, password: str) -> str | None:
        user = await self.get_by_email(email)
        if user is None or not pwd_context.verify(password, user.hashed_password):
            return None
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(
            minutes=settings.access_token_expire_minutes
        )
        return jwt.encode(
            {"sub": str(user.id), "exp": expire},
            settings.secret_key,
            algorithm=settings.algorithm,
        )

データベース設計に関する注意: アプリケーションレベルのユニーク処理には、基盤となるユニークデータベースインデックス(例: SQLAlchemy マッピング属性の unique=True)が必要です。基盤となる制約がなければ、アプリケーション層のエラーキャッチでは同時実行の競合状態を安全に防ぐことはできません。


httpx と pytest を使ったテスト

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest_asyncio
from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine

from app.database import Base
from app.dependencies import get_db
from app.main import create_app

TEST_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:"

engine = create_async_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL)
TestingSessionLocal = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)


@pytest_asyncio.fixture(autouse=True)
async def setup_db():
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
    yield
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def db_session():
    async with TestingSessionLocal() as session:
        yield session
        await session.rollback()


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def client(db_session: AsyncSession):
    app = create_app()

    async def override_get_db():
        yield db_session

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db

    async with AsyncClient(
        transport=ASGITransport(app=app), base_url="http://test"
    ) as ac:
        yield ac


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def registered_user(client: AsyncClient) -> dict:
    resp = await client.post("/users/", json={
        "email": "[email protected]",
        "username": "testuser",
        "password": "securepass1",
        "password_confirm": "securepass1",
    })
    assert resp.status_code == 201
    return resp.json()


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def auth_token(client: AsyncClient, registered_user: dict) -> str:
    resp = await client.post("/users/token", data={
        "username": "[email protected]",
        "password": "securepass1",
    })
    assert resp.status_code == 200
    return resp.json()["access_token"]


@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def auth_client(client: AsyncClient, auth_token: str) -> AsyncClient:
    client.headers.update({"Authorization": f"Bearer {auth_token}"})
    return client

アンチパターン

# Bad: ビジネスロジックがルートハンドラ内にある。
@router.post("/users/")
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep):
    hashed = bcrypt.hash(payload.password)
    user = User(email=payload.email, hashed_password=hashed)
    db.add(user)
    await db.commit()
    return user

# Good: ルートは薄く、トランザクショナルなサービスで処理する。
@router.post("/users/", response_model=UserResponse, status_code=201)
async def create_user(payload: UserCreate, db: DbDep):
    try:
        return await UserService(db).create(payload)
    except DuplicateUserError:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="メールアドレスは既に登録されています")


# Bad: 依存性の中で raw SQL クエリを実行する。
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException
from sqlalchemy import text

async def get_user_or_fail(db: DbDep, user_id: int):
    result = await db.execute(text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id"), {"id": user_id})
    # ...

# Good: 依存性は ORM またはサービス層に委譲する。
async def get_user_or_fail(db: DbDep, user_id: int) -> User:
    user = await db.get(User, user_id)
    if user is None:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
    return user


# Bad: 常に非同期でないと動作しない場合に sync ルートを使用する。
@router.get("/")
def list_users(db: DbDep = Depends(get_db)):  # 型エラー
    ...

# Good: 非同期ルートでは一貫して async def を使用する。
@router.get("/")
async def list_users(db: DbDep):
    ...

FastAPI クイックリファレンス

項目推奨方法
プロジェクト作成create_app() ファクトリ関数
設定pydantic-settings (環境変数)
リクエスト検証Pydantic v2 モデル (BaseModel)
DB セッションget_db 非同期ジェネレータ依存性
認証JWT (python-jose + OAuth2PasswordBearer)
パスワードpasslib + bcrypt
ビジネスロジックサービス層 (例: UserService)
エラー処理ルーター内での HTTPException の送出
テストクライアントhttpx の AsyncClient と依存性オーバーライド
非同期テストpytest-asyncio によるフィクスチャ

これらのパターンに従うことで、クリーンでテスタブル、かつプロダクション対応の FastAPI アプリケーションを構築できます。

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

accessibility

Design, implement, and audit inclusive digital products using WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use when building or auditing UI that must meet WCAG 2.2 Level AA, or when reviewing a change for keyboard, contrast, or screen-reader support.

affaan-m/content-engine

Create platform-native content systems for X, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, newsletters, and repurposed multi-platform campaigns. Use when the user wants social posts, threads, scripts, content calendars, or one source asset adapted cleanly across platforms.

affaan-m/ECC

Multi-platform content distribution across X, LinkedIn, Threads, and Bluesky. Adapts content per platform using content-engine patterns. Never posts identical content cross-platform. Use when the user wants to distribute content across social platforms.

affaan-m/fal-ai-media

Unified media generation via fal.ai MCP — image, video, and audio. Covers text-to-image (Nano Banana), text/image-to-video (Seedance, Kling, Veo 3), text-to-speech (CSM-1B), and video-to-audio (ThinkSound). Use when the user wants to generate images, videos, or audio with AI.

affaan-m/manim-video

日本語翻訳:このファイルは manim-video 用の日本語翻訳が必要です

affaan-m/remotion-video-creation

Remotion のベストプラクティス - React で動画を作成する。3D、アニメーション、音声、字幕、チャート、トランジションなどをカバーするドメイン固有の29のルール。

affaan-m/video-editing

AI-assisted video editing workflows for cutting, structuring, and augmenting real footage. Covers the full pipeline from raw capture through FFmpeg, Remotion, ElevenLabs, fal.ai, and final polish in Descript or CapCut. Use when the user wants to edit video, cut footage, create vlogs, or build video content.

agent-architecture-audit

Full-stack diagnostic for agent and LLM applications. Audits the 12-layer agent stack for wrapper regression, memory pollution, tool discipline failures, hidden repair loops, and rendering corruption. Produces severity-ranked findings with code-first fixes. Essential for developers building agent applications, autonomous loops, or any LLM-powered feature. Use when an agent or LLM feature misbehaves and the failing layer is unknown, or before shipping an agent stack.

agent-eval

Head-to-head comparison of coding agents (Claude Code, Aider, Codex, etc.) on custom tasks with pass rate, cost, time, and consistency metrics. Use when choosing between coding agents, or when a change to an agent setup needs measured pass rate, cost, and time rather than an impression.

agent-harness-construction

Design and optimize AI agent action spaces, tool definitions, and observation formatting for higher completion rates. Use when defining or revising an agent

agentic-engineering

Operate as an agentic engineer using eval-first execution, decomposition, and cost-aware model routing. Use when planning or executing engineering work that agents will carry out end to end.

agentic-os

Build persistent multi-agent operating systems on Claude Code. Covers kernel architecture, specialist agents, slash commands, file-based memory, scheduled automation, and state management without external databases. Use when building a persistent multi-agent system on Claude Code with its own memory, commands, and scheduling.

agent-introspection-debugging

Structured self-debugging workflow for AI agent failures using capture, diagnosis, contained recovery, and introspection reports. Use when an agent run fails and you need a reproducible diagnosis instead of a retry.

agent-payment-x402

Add x402 payment execution to AI agents with per-task budgets, spending controls, and non-custodial wallets. Supports Base through agentwallet-sdk and X Layer through OKX Payments / OKX Agent Payments Protocol. Use when an agent must pay for something itself and needs per-task budgets, spending controls, and a non-custodial wallet.

agent-self-evaluation

Use after completing any non-trivial task. The agent self-rates its output on 5 axes — accuracy, completeness, clarity, actionability, conciseness — with concrete evidence per criterion. Produces a structured 1-5 scorecard with specific improvement suggestions.

agent-sort

Build an evidence-backed ECC install plan for a specific repo by sorting skills, commands, rules, hooks, and extras into DAILY vs LIBRARY buckets using parallel repo-aware review passes. Use when ECC should be trimmed to what a project actually needs instead of loading the full bundle.

ai-first-engineering

Engineering operating model for teams where AI agents generate a large share of implementation output. Use when setting team process, review gates, or ownership rules for a codebase largely written by agents.

ai-regression-testing

Regression testing strategies for AI-assisted development. Sandbox-mode API testing without database dependencies, automated bug-check workflows, and patterns to catch AI blind spots where the same model writes and reviews code. Use when adding regression coverage to AI-assisted code, or when the same model both wrote and reviewed a change.

android-clean-architecture

Clean Architecture patterns for Android and Kotlin Multiplatform projects — module structure, dependency rules, UseCases, Repositories, and data layer patterns. Use when structuring modules, layers, or data flow in an Android or KMP project.

angular-developer

Generates Angular code and provides architectural guidance. Trigger when creating projects, components, or services, or for best practices on reactivity (signals, linkedSignal, resource), forms, dependency injection, routing, SSR, accessibility (ARIA), animations, styling (component styles, Tailwind CSS), testing, or CLI tooling.

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